Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation
As a rapid and automatic method, multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning has drawn wide interest from researchers in the field of nuclear safety and nuclear security. However, the network model in deep learning often appears in the form of a black box, which makes it difficult for p...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Physics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.1036557/full |
| _version_ | 1797990675057213440 |
|---|---|
| author | Yu Wang Quanhu Zhang Qingxu Yao Yonggang Huo Man Zhou Yunfeng Lu |
| author_facet | Yu Wang Quanhu Zhang Qingxu Yao Yonggang Huo Man Zhou Yunfeng Lu |
| author_sort | Yu Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a rapid and automatic method, multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning has drawn wide interest from researchers in the field of nuclear safety and nuclear security. However, the network model in deep learning often appears in the form of a black box, which makes it difficult for people to understand its decision-making basis. It is necessary to develop an interpretable deep learning model for multiple nuclide identification. In the work on nuclide identification using deep learning, very few interpretable studies have been conducted. In this paper, channel attention weights are used for interpretable radionuclide identification for the first time. We propose a multiple radionuclide identification method using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation. A dataset of gamma spectra simulated by Geant4 was created, containing 256 combinations of 8 radionuclides. These gamma spectra were used to train using a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a channel attention module. The obtained accuracies on training, validation, and test sets are 97.8%, 97.6%, and 97.1%, respectively. The result of interpretation of spectral features show that based on the channel attention module, the CNN can make full use of the feature information of the photoelectric peak and Compton edge and suppress the background and noise interference. In addition, the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) method was used to visualize the inner working process of the CNN and visually illustrate the correctness of feature extraction. This research will promote the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in nuclide identification instruments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:40:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-caa68242d2ad446380d064b301dd289b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-424X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:40:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-caa68242d2ad446380d064b301dd289b2022-12-22T04:34:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physics2296-424X2022-10-011010.3389/fphy.2022.10365571036557Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanationYu WangQuanhu ZhangQingxu YaoYonggang HuoMan ZhouYunfeng LuAs a rapid and automatic method, multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning has drawn wide interest from researchers in the field of nuclear safety and nuclear security. However, the network model in deep learning often appears in the form of a black box, which makes it difficult for people to understand its decision-making basis. It is necessary to develop an interpretable deep learning model for multiple nuclide identification. In the work on nuclide identification using deep learning, very few interpretable studies have been conducted. In this paper, channel attention weights are used for interpretable radionuclide identification for the first time. We propose a multiple radionuclide identification method using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation. A dataset of gamma spectra simulated by Geant4 was created, containing 256 combinations of 8 radionuclides. These gamma spectra were used to train using a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a channel attention module. The obtained accuracies on training, validation, and test sets are 97.8%, 97.6%, and 97.1%, respectively. The result of interpretation of spectral features show that based on the channel attention module, the CNN can make full use of the feature information of the photoelectric peak and Compton edge and suppress the background and noise interference. In addition, the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) method was used to visualize the inner working process of the CNN and visually illustrate the correctness of feature extraction. This research will promote the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in nuclide identification instruments.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.1036557/fullmultiple radionuclide identificationdeep learningchannel attention modulevisual explanationgamma-ray spectrumnuclear safety |
| spellingShingle | Yu Wang Quanhu Zhang Qingxu Yao Yonggang Huo Man Zhou Yunfeng Lu Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation Frontiers in Physics multiple radionuclide identification deep learning channel attention module visual explanation gamma-ray spectrum nuclear safety |
| title | Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation |
| title_full | Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation |
| title_fullStr | Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation |
| title_short | Multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation |
| title_sort | multiple radionuclide identification using deep learning with channel attention module and visual explanation |
| topic | multiple radionuclide identification deep learning channel attention module visual explanation gamma-ray spectrum nuclear safety |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.1036557/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yuwang multipleradionuclideidentificationusingdeeplearningwithchannelattentionmoduleandvisualexplanation AT quanhuzhang multipleradionuclideidentificationusingdeeplearningwithchannelattentionmoduleandvisualexplanation AT qingxuyao multipleradionuclideidentificationusingdeeplearningwithchannelattentionmoduleandvisualexplanation AT yongganghuo multipleradionuclideidentificationusingdeeplearningwithchannelattentionmoduleandvisualexplanation AT manzhou multipleradionuclideidentificationusingdeeplearningwithchannelattentionmoduleandvisualexplanation AT yunfenglu multipleradionuclideidentificationusingdeeplearningwithchannelattentionmoduleandvisualexplanation |