Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler
In underwater acoustic cellular (UWAC) systems, underwater equipment or sensor nodes (UE/SN) should perform downlink synchronisation and a cell search during the initial access stage using the preambles received from adjacent underwater base stations (UWBSs). The UE/SN needs to estimate accurate tim...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-10-01
|
| Series: | Electronics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/19/2413 |
| _version_ | 1797516675039363072 |
|---|---|
| author | Yeong Jun Kim Muhammad Asim Tae Ho Im Yong Soo Cho |
| author_facet | Yeong Jun Kim Muhammad Asim Tae Ho Im Yong Soo Cho |
| author_sort | Yeong Jun Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In underwater acoustic cellular (UWAC) systems, underwater equipment or sensor nodes (UE/SN) should perform downlink synchronisation and a cell search during the initial access stage using the preambles received from adjacent underwater base stations (UWBSs). The UE/SN needs to estimate accurate timing and cell ID (CID) using the received preambles, and synchronise with a serving UWBS, even in high-Doppler environments. In this paper, a sequence design technique for joint estimation of accurate timing and CID in UWAC systems with a high Doppler is proposed to decrease the receiver complexity and processing time. A generalised Zadoff–Chu sequence is proposed for the preamble design. This sequence is decomposed into multiple short sub-sequences to reduce the effect of Doppler shift on the timing and CID estimation. The performance loss caused by the short sequence length is compensated by combining the sub-sequences using the repetition property of the ZC sequence. The properties (autocorrelation and cross-correlation) of the proposed sequence are derived analytically in the presence of Doppler shift and compared with the simulation results. The simulation results reveal that the proposed technique performs better than existing techniques in both additive white Gaussian noise and multipath channels with a high-Doppler. It is concluded that the proposed technique is suitable for accurate timing estimation and CID detection in UWAC systems with a high Doppler. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:04:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cab701970a9c41c0b20534013d99b1cd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:04:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-cab701970a9c41c0b20534013d99b1cd2023-11-22T15:57:21ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922021-10-011019241310.3390/electronics10192413Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High DopplerYeong Jun Kim0Muhammad Asim1Tae Ho Im2Yong Soo Cho3LG Electronics, Seoul 137-893, KoreaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, KoreaDepartment of Information and Communication Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan-si 336-795, KoreaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, KoreaIn underwater acoustic cellular (UWAC) systems, underwater equipment or sensor nodes (UE/SN) should perform downlink synchronisation and a cell search during the initial access stage using the preambles received from adjacent underwater base stations (UWBSs). The UE/SN needs to estimate accurate timing and cell ID (CID) using the received preambles, and synchronise with a serving UWBS, even in high-Doppler environments. In this paper, a sequence design technique for joint estimation of accurate timing and CID in UWAC systems with a high Doppler is proposed to decrease the receiver complexity and processing time. A generalised Zadoff–Chu sequence is proposed for the preamble design. This sequence is decomposed into multiple short sub-sequences to reduce the effect of Doppler shift on the timing and CID estimation. The performance loss caused by the short sequence length is compensated by combining the sub-sequences using the repetition property of the ZC sequence. The properties (autocorrelation and cross-correlation) of the proposed sequence are derived analytically in the presence of Doppler shift and compared with the simulation results. The simulation results reveal that the proposed technique performs better than existing techniques in both additive white Gaussian noise and multipath channels with a high-Doppler. It is concluded that the proposed technique is suitable for accurate timing estimation and CID detection in UWAC systems with a high Doppler.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/19/2413underwater acoustic cellular systemcell searchtimingDoppler |
| spellingShingle | Yeong Jun Kim Muhammad Asim Tae Ho Im Yong Soo Cho Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler Electronics underwater acoustic cellular system cell search timing Doppler |
| title | Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler |
| title_full | Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler |
| title_fullStr | Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler |
| title_short | Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler |
| title_sort | sequence design technique for accurate timing and cell id estimation in underwater acoustic cellular systems with a high doppler |
| topic | underwater acoustic cellular system cell search timing Doppler |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/19/2413 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yeongjunkim sequencedesigntechniqueforaccuratetimingandcellidestimationinunderwateracousticcellularsystemswithahighdoppler AT muhammadasim sequencedesigntechniqueforaccuratetimingandcellidestimationinunderwateracousticcellularsystemswithahighdoppler AT taehoim sequencedesigntechniqueforaccuratetimingandcellidestimationinunderwateracousticcellularsystemswithahighdoppler AT yongsoocho sequencedesigntechniqueforaccuratetimingandcellidestimationinunderwateracousticcellularsystemswithahighdoppler |