Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study.
<h4>Introduction</h4>Very little is known about the prevalence of refractive errors among children in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan.<h4>Methods</h4>...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2022-01-01
|
| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0269474&type=printable |
| _version_ | 1826545813567832064 |
|---|---|
| author | Ainagul Mukazhanova Neilya Aldasheva Juldyz Iskakbayeva Raushan Bakhytbek Aliya Ualiyeva Kaini Baigonova Damet Ongarbaeva Denis Vinnikov |
| author_facet | Ainagul Mukazhanova Neilya Aldasheva Juldyz Iskakbayeva Raushan Bakhytbek Aliya Ualiyeva Kaini Baigonova Damet Ongarbaeva Denis Vinnikov |
| author_sort | Ainagul Mukazhanova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Introduction</h4>Very little is known about the prevalence of refractive errors among children in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan.<h4>Methods</h4>In the cross-sectional study of 2293 secondary school students (age 6-16), we examined cycloplegic autorefraction and offered a questionnaire in three age groups: 1st grade (N = 769), 5th grade (N = 768) and 9th grade (N = 756). The questionnaire covered main risk factors such as parental myopia, screen time, time outdoors, sports activities, near work, gender, grade, and school shift. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was applied to test the association of risk factors with myopia.<h4>Results</h4>The mean spherical equivalent (SER) was -0.54 ± 1.51 diopters (D). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was 31.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.7; 33.5); myopia 28.3% (95% CI 26.5; 30.1); hyperopia 3.4% (95% CI 2.7-4.1) and astigmatism 2.8% (95% CI 2.1; 3.5). In the multivariate adjusted regression analysis, higher class level (5th grade (odds ratio (OR) 1.78; 95% CI 1.26; 2.52) and 9th grade (OR 3.34; 95% CI 2.31; 4.82)) were associated with myopia, whereas outdoors activity more than 2 hours a day (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46; 0.89) and sports (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52; 0.93) were associated with a lower incidence of myopia.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Myopia is a leading refractive error in schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Myopia prevention measures, including more time outdoors, should guide public health interventions in this population. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T20:33:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cad3c109e3ff48d2aca57f5078c6dbfb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-03-14T05:23:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-cad3c109e3ff48d2aca57f5078c6dbfb2025-03-06T05:32:00ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032022-01-01176e026947410.1371/journal.pone.0269474Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study.Ainagul MukazhanovaNeilya AldashevaJuldyz IskakbayevaRaushan BakhytbekAliya UaliyevaKaini BaigonovaDamet OngarbaevaDenis Vinnikov<h4>Introduction</h4>Very little is known about the prevalence of refractive errors among children in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan.<h4>Methods</h4>In the cross-sectional study of 2293 secondary school students (age 6-16), we examined cycloplegic autorefraction and offered a questionnaire in three age groups: 1st grade (N = 769), 5th grade (N = 768) and 9th grade (N = 756). The questionnaire covered main risk factors such as parental myopia, screen time, time outdoors, sports activities, near work, gender, grade, and school shift. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was applied to test the association of risk factors with myopia.<h4>Results</h4>The mean spherical equivalent (SER) was -0.54 ± 1.51 diopters (D). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was 31.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.7; 33.5); myopia 28.3% (95% CI 26.5; 30.1); hyperopia 3.4% (95% CI 2.7-4.1) and astigmatism 2.8% (95% CI 2.1; 3.5). In the multivariate adjusted regression analysis, higher class level (5th grade (odds ratio (OR) 1.78; 95% CI 1.26; 2.52) and 9th grade (OR 3.34; 95% CI 2.31; 4.82)) were associated with myopia, whereas outdoors activity more than 2 hours a day (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46; 0.89) and sports (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52; 0.93) were associated with a lower incidence of myopia.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Myopia is a leading refractive error in schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Myopia prevention measures, including more time outdoors, should guide public health interventions in this population.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0269474&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Ainagul Mukazhanova Neilya Aldasheva Juldyz Iskakbayeva Raushan Bakhytbek Aliya Ualiyeva Kaini Baigonova Damet Ongarbaeva Denis Vinnikov Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE |
| title | Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. |
| title_full | Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. |
| title_short | Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. |
| title_sort | prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of almaty kazakhstan a cross sectional study |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0269474&type=printable |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ainagulmukazhanova prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT neilyaaldasheva prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT juldyziskakbayeva prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT raushanbakhytbek prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT aliyaualiyeva prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT kainibaigonova prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT dametongarbaeva prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy AT denisvinnikov prevalenceofrefractiveerrorsandriskfactorsformyopiaamongschoolchildrenofalmatykazakhstanacrosssectionalstudy |