PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) represents the second most frequently diagnosed primary liver cancer worldwide following hepatocellular carcinoma, and the overall survival of patients with unresectable disease remains poor. In recent years, the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolution...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/3/558 |
| _version_ | 1797416961780482048 |
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| author | Alessandro Rizzo Angela Dalia Ricci Giovanni Brandi |
| author_facet | Alessandro Rizzo Angela Dalia Ricci Giovanni Brandi |
| author_sort | Alessandro Rizzo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biliary tract cancer (BTC) represents the second most frequently diagnosed primary liver cancer worldwide following hepatocellular carcinoma, and the overall survival of patients with unresectable disease remains poor. In recent years, the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of several malignancies with these agents, which have also been explored in advanced BTC, as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer agents. However, clinical trials evaluating ICIs in BTC have shown conflicting results, and the clinical benefit provided by immunotherapy seems limited to a small subgroup of BTC patients. Thus, the identification of reliable predictors of the response to immunotherapy represents a significant challenge in this setting. This review provides an overview of the available evidence on the biomarkers predictive of the response to ICIs in patients with advanced BTC, especially focusing on programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and other emerging biomarkers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:11:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cade0073c8c249c9b5ef6798217d130c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:11:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-cade0073c8c249c9b5ef6798217d130c2023-12-03T11:57:43ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942021-02-0113355810.3390/cancers13030558PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract CancerAlessandro Rizzo0Angela Dalia Ricci1Giovanni Brandi2Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyDivision of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyDivision of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyBiliary tract cancer (BTC) represents the second most frequently diagnosed primary liver cancer worldwide following hepatocellular carcinoma, and the overall survival of patients with unresectable disease remains poor. In recent years, the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of several malignancies with these agents, which have also been explored in advanced BTC, as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer agents. However, clinical trials evaluating ICIs in BTC have shown conflicting results, and the clinical benefit provided by immunotherapy seems limited to a small subgroup of BTC patients. Thus, the identification of reliable predictors of the response to immunotherapy represents a significant challenge in this setting. This review provides an overview of the available evidence on the biomarkers predictive of the response to ICIs in patients with advanced BTC, especially focusing on programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and other emerging biomarkers.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/3/558predictive biomarkersPD-L1TMBimmunotherapyimmune checkpoint inhibitorsbiliary tract cancer |
| spellingShingle | Alessandro Rizzo Angela Dalia Ricci Giovanni Brandi PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer Cancers predictive biomarkers PD-L1 TMB immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitors biliary tract cancer |
| title | PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_full | PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_fullStr | PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_short | PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and Other Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_sort | pd l1 tmb msi and other predictors of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in biliary tract cancer |
| topic | predictive biomarkers PD-L1 TMB immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitors biliary tract cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/3/558 |
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