Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1
Phages utilize lysis systems to allow the release of newly assembled viral particles that kill the bacterial host. This is also the case for phage AP1, which infects the rice pathogen <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i>. However, how lysis occurs on a molecular level is currently unknown. We perfor...
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| Format: | Article |
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2022-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/167 |
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| author | Muchen Zhang Yanli Wang Jie Chen Xianxian Hong Xinyan Xu Zhifeng Wu Temoor Ahmed Belinda Loh Sebastian Leptihn Sabry Hassan Mohamed M. Hassan Guochang Sun Bin Li |
| author_facet | Muchen Zhang Yanli Wang Jie Chen Xianxian Hong Xinyan Xu Zhifeng Wu Temoor Ahmed Belinda Loh Sebastian Leptihn Sabry Hassan Mohamed M. Hassan Guochang Sun Bin Li |
| author_sort | Muchen Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Phages utilize lysis systems to allow the release of newly assembled viral particles that kill the bacterial host. This is also the case for phage AP1, which infects the rice pathogen <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i>. However, how lysis occurs on a molecular level is currently unknown. We performed in silico bioinformatics analyses, which indicated that the lysis cassette contains a holin (HolAP) and endolysin (LysAP), which are encoded by two adjacent genes. Recombinant expression of LysAP caused <i>Escherichia coli</i> lysis, while HolAP arrested growth. Co-expression of both proteins resulted in enhanced lysis activity compared to the individual proteins alone. Interestingly, LysAP contains a C-terminal region transmembrane domain, which is different from most known endolysins where a N-terminal hydrophobic region is found, with the potential to insert into the membrane. We show that the C-terminal transmembrane domain is crucial for protein localization and bacterial lysis in phage AP1. Our study characterizes the new phage lysis cassette and the mechanism to induce cell disruption, giving new insight in the understanding of phage life cycles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:53:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cae13f734a6b40e9b17c5dca53a9a6f9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:53:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-cae13f734a6b40e9b17c5dca53a9a6f92023-11-23T22:28:37ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-01-0114216710.3390/v14020167Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1Muchen Zhang0Yanli Wang1Jie Chen2Xianxian Hong3Xinyan Xu4Zhifeng Wu5Temoor Ahmed6Belinda Loh7Sebastian Leptihn8Sabry Hassan9Mohamed M. Hassan10Guochang Sun11Bin Li12State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaZhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, ChinaZhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, ChinaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaState Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaPhages utilize lysis systems to allow the release of newly assembled viral particles that kill the bacterial host. This is also the case for phage AP1, which infects the rice pathogen <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i>. However, how lysis occurs on a molecular level is currently unknown. We performed in silico bioinformatics analyses, which indicated that the lysis cassette contains a holin (HolAP) and endolysin (LysAP), which are encoded by two adjacent genes. Recombinant expression of LysAP caused <i>Escherichia coli</i> lysis, while HolAP arrested growth. Co-expression of both proteins resulted in enhanced lysis activity compared to the individual proteins alone. Interestingly, LysAP contains a C-terminal region transmembrane domain, which is different from most known endolysins where a N-terminal hydrophobic region is found, with the potential to insert into the membrane. We show that the C-terminal transmembrane domain is crucial for protein localization and bacterial lysis in phage AP1. Our study characterizes the new phage lysis cassette and the mechanism to induce cell disruption, giving new insight in the understanding of phage life cycles.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/167<i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> phage AP1lysis cassetteholinendolysin |
| spellingShingle | Muchen Zhang Yanli Wang Jie Chen Xianxian Hong Xinyan Xu Zhifeng Wu Temoor Ahmed Belinda Loh Sebastian Leptihn Sabry Hassan Mohamed M. Hassan Guochang Sun Bin Li Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1 Viruses <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> phage AP1 lysis cassette holin endolysin |
| title | Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1 |
| title_full | Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1 |
| title_fullStr | Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1 |
| title_short | Identification and Characterization of a New Type of Holin-Endolysin Lysis Cassette in <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> Phage AP1 |
| title_sort | identification and characterization of a new type of holin endolysin lysis cassette in i acidovorax oryzae i phage ap1 |
| topic | <i>Acidovorax oryzae</i> phage AP1 lysis cassette holin endolysin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/167 |
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