Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester
Vegetable-oil-based biolubricants are an excellent alternative to conventional lubricants. Instead of focusing on novel feedstocks, these biolubricants should be further elucidated based on their fatty acid composition, which influences their tribological properties. Therefore, the study utilises ge...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Lubricants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/10/12/346 |
| _version_ | 1797456685342654464 |
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| author | Chiew Tin Lee Mei Bao Lee William Woei Fong Chong Jo-Han Ng King Jye Wong Cheng Tung Chong |
| author_facet | Chiew Tin Lee Mei Bao Lee William Woei Fong Chong Jo-Han Ng King Jye Wong Cheng Tung Chong |
| author_sort | Chiew Tin Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vegetable-oil-based biolubricants are an excellent alternative to conventional lubricants. Instead of focusing on novel feedstocks, these biolubricants should be further elucidated based on their fatty acid composition, which influences their tribological properties. Therefore, the study utilises gene expression programming (GEP) to derive a boundary lubricity model for vegetable-oil-derived trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters, considering the fatty acid composition (saturation and monounsaturation levels), load and speed. Neat vegetable oil and blends from seven feedstocks are selected following a wide range of fatty acid profiles to synthesise TMP esters using a two-stage transesterification process. The TMP esters are spin-coated on wear discs that are subsequently rotated against a ball using a purpose-built tribometer. The frictional performance of the TMP esters with balanced saturation and monounsaturation levels of fatty acid are measured to improve it at higher speeds. The GEP model is statistically evaluated by adopting the friction data, a showing good generalisation and predictability capability. The model demonstrates that friction decreases with increasing saturation levels of the TMP ester. The GEP model for vegetable oil TMP esters allows for the tribological performance prediction of TMP esters following the fatty acid profile, providing a platform to optimise such biolubricant for desired applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:11:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cafe196c47f84461ada2fa58f0d88466 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4442 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:11:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Lubricants |
| spelling | doaj.art-cafe196c47f84461ada2fa58f0d884662023-11-24T16:15:20ZengMDPI AGLubricants2075-44422022-12-01101234610.3390/lubricants10120346Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) EsterChiew Tin Lee0Mei Bao Lee1William Woei Fong Chong2Jo-Han Ng3King Jye Wong4Cheng Tung Chong5Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri 79100, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, MalaysiaChina-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaVegetable-oil-based biolubricants are an excellent alternative to conventional lubricants. Instead of focusing on novel feedstocks, these biolubricants should be further elucidated based on their fatty acid composition, which influences their tribological properties. Therefore, the study utilises gene expression programming (GEP) to derive a boundary lubricity model for vegetable-oil-derived trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters, considering the fatty acid composition (saturation and monounsaturation levels), load and speed. Neat vegetable oil and blends from seven feedstocks are selected following a wide range of fatty acid profiles to synthesise TMP esters using a two-stage transesterification process. The TMP esters are spin-coated on wear discs that are subsequently rotated against a ball using a purpose-built tribometer. The frictional performance of the TMP esters with balanced saturation and monounsaturation levels of fatty acid are measured to improve it at higher speeds. The GEP model is statistically evaluated by adopting the friction data, a showing good generalisation and predictability capability. The model demonstrates that friction decreases with increasing saturation levels of the TMP ester. The GEP model for vegetable oil TMP esters allows for the tribological performance prediction of TMP esters following the fatty acid profile, providing a platform to optimise such biolubricant for desired applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/10/12/346fatty acid compositiontribometerspin coatingthin filmphysicochemicalgene expression programming |
| spellingShingle | Chiew Tin Lee Mei Bao Lee William Woei Fong Chong Jo-Han Ng King Jye Wong Cheng Tung Chong Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester Lubricants fatty acid composition tribometer spin coating thin film physicochemical gene expression programming |
| title | Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester |
| title_full | Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester |
| title_fullStr | Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester |
| title_full_unstemmed | Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester |
| title_short | Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester |
| title_sort | boundary lubricity of vegetable oil derived trimethylolpropane tmp ester |
| topic | fatty acid composition tribometer spin coating thin film physicochemical gene expression programming |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/10/12/346 |
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