The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Increased polyamine concentrations in the blood and urine of cancer patients reflect the enhanced levels of polyamine synthesis in cancer tissues arising from increased activity of enzymes responsible for polyamine synthesis. In addition to their <it>de nov...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2011-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.jeccr.com/content/30/1/95 |
| _version_ | 1818567466857529344 |
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| author | Soda Kuniyasu |
| author_facet | Soda Kuniyasu |
| author_sort | Soda Kuniyasu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Increased polyamine concentrations in the blood and urine of cancer patients reflect the enhanced levels of polyamine synthesis in cancer tissues arising from increased activity of enzymes responsible for polyamine synthesis. In addition to their <it>de novo </it>polyamine synthesis, cells can take up polyamines from extracellular sources, such as cancer tissues, food, and intestinal microbiota. Because polyamines are indispensable for cell growth, increased polyamine availability enhances cell growth. However, the malignant potential of cancer is determined by its capability to invade to surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs. The mechanisms by which increased polyamine levels enhance the malignant potential of cancer cells and decrease anti-tumor immunity are reviewed. Cancer cells with a greater capability to synthesize polyamines are associated with increased production of proteinases, such as serine proteinase, matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and plasminogen activator, which can degrade surrounding tissues. Although cancer tissues produce vascular growth factors, their deregulated growth induces hypoxia, which in turn enhances polyamine uptake by cancer cells to further augment cell migration and suppress CD44 expression. Increased polyamine uptake by immune cells also results in reduced cytokine production needed for anti-tumor activities and decreases expression of adhesion molecules involved in anti-tumor immunity, such as CD11a and CD56. Immune cells in an environment with increased polyamine levels lose anti-tumor immune functions, such as lymphokine activated killer activities. Recent investigations revealed that increased polyamine availability enhances the capability of cancer cells to invade and metastasize to new tissues while diminishing immune cells' anti-tumor immune functions.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T06:23:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cb4a683a858942ccb741e79e413fcae8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1756-9966 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T06:23:47Z |
| publishDate | 2011-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-cb4a683a858942ccb741e79e413fcae82022-12-21T23:13:45ZengBMCJournal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research1756-99662011-10-013019510.1186/1756-9966-30-95The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spreadSoda Kuniyasu<p>Abstract</p> <p>Increased polyamine concentrations in the blood and urine of cancer patients reflect the enhanced levels of polyamine synthesis in cancer tissues arising from increased activity of enzymes responsible for polyamine synthesis. In addition to their <it>de novo </it>polyamine synthesis, cells can take up polyamines from extracellular sources, such as cancer tissues, food, and intestinal microbiota. Because polyamines are indispensable for cell growth, increased polyamine availability enhances cell growth. However, the malignant potential of cancer is determined by its capability to invade to surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs. The mechanisms by which increased polyamine levels enhance the malignant potential of cancer cells and decrease anti-tumor immunity are reviewed. Cancer cells with a greater capability to synthesize polyamines are associated with increased production of proteinases, such as serine proteinase, matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and plasminogen activator, which can degrade surrounding tissues. Although cancer tissues produce vascular growth factors, their deregulated growth induces hypoxia, which in turn enhances polyamine uptake by cancer cells to further augment cell migration and suppress CD44 expression. Increased polyamine uptake by immune cells also results in reduced cytokine production needed for anti-tumor activities and decreases expression of adhesion molecules involved in anti-tumor immunity, such as CD11a and CD56. Immune cells in an environment with increased polyamine levels lose anti-tumor immune functions, such as lymphokine activated killer activities. Recent investigations revealed that increased polyamine availability enhances the capability of cancer cells to invade and metastasize to new tissues while diminishing immune cells' anti-tumor immune functions.</p>http://www.jeccr.com/content/30/1/95PolyaminemetastasissperminespermidineLAKLFA-1 |
| spellingShingle | Soda Kuniyasu The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research Polyamine metastasis spermine spermidine LAK LFA-1 |
| title | The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread |
| title_full | The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread |
| title_fullStr | The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread |
| title_full_unstemmed | The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread |
| title_short | The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread |
| title_sort | mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread |
| topic | Polyamine metastasis spermine spermidine LAK LFA-1 |
| url | http://www.jeccr.com/content/30/1/95 |
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