Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations
During the winters of 2009/2010 and 2020/2021, observations were carried out at an eastern port of Liaodong Bay to examine the variations in sea ice thickness and atmospheric conditions. The daily ice thickness (DIT) and the cumulative ice thickness (CIT) are the two main observation items related t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/5/943 |
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| author | Yuxian Ma Dewen Ding Ning Xu Shuai Yuan Wenqi Shi |
| author_facet | Yuxian Ma Dewen Ding Ning Xu Shuai Yuan Wenqi Shi |
| author_sort | Yuxian Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During the winters of 2009/2010 and 2020/2021, observations were carried out at an eastern port of Liaodong Bay to examine the variations in sea ice thickness and atmospheric conditions. The daily ice thickness (DIT) and the cumulative ice thickness (CIT) are the two main observation items related to the thickness of sea ice. For DIT, the sea ice thickness gradually decreases as the temperature increases, and the freezing rate <i>a</i> is 1.48 cm/(°C·d)<sup>1/2</sup>. For CIT, when the temperature is −12 °C, the maximum growth rate of ice thickness decreases from 3.5 cm/d to 1.5 cm/d as the ice thickness increases from 0 to 20 cm. The residual method was applied to calculate the oceanic heat flux, which is an important parameter of ice modeling, and both the analytic model (Stefan’s law) and numerical model (high-resolution thermodynamic snow-and-ice model) were utilized in this work. It was found that the accuracy of the simulation results was high when the growth coefficient of the analytic mode was 2.3 cm/(°C·d)<sup>1/2</sup>. With an oceanic heat flux of 2 W·m<sup>−2</sup>, the maximum error of the numerical model approached 60% in 2010 and 3.7% in 2021. However, using the oceanic heat flux calculated in this work, the maximum error can be significantly reduced to 4.2% in the winter of 2009/2010 and 1.5% in 2020/2021. Additionally, the oceanic heat flux in Liaodong Bay showed a decreasing trend with the increase in ice thickness and air temperature. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:06:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cb6af03c043a4338a324d45f9d98dc82 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:06:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-cb6af03c043a4338a324d45f9d98dc822023-11-17T08:55:13ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-03-0115594310.3390/w15050943Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and ObservationsYuxian Ma0Dewen Ding1Ning Xu2Shuai Yuan3Wenqi Shi4College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaNational Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, ChinaNational Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, ChinaNational Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, ChinaDuring the winters of 2009/2010 and 2020/2021, observations were carried out at an eastern port of Liaodong Bay to examine the variations in sea ice thickness and atmospheric conditions. The daily ice thickness (DIT) and the cumulative ice thickness (CIT) are the two main observation items related to the thickness of sea ice. For DIT, the sea ice thickness gradually decreases as the temperature increases, and the freezing rate <i>a</i> is 1.48 cm/(°C·d)<sup>1/2</sup>. For CIT, when the temperature is −12 °C, the maximum growth rate of ice thickness decreases from 3.5 cm/d to 1.5 cm/d as the ice thickness increases from 0 to 20 cm. The residual method was applied to calculate the oceanic heat flux, which is an important parameter of ice modeling, and both the analytic model (Stefan’s law) and numerical model (high-resolution thermodynamic snow-and-ice model) were utilized in this work. It was found that the accuracy of the simulation results was high when the growth coefficient of the analytic mode was 2.3 cm/(°C·d)<sup>1/2</sup>. With an oceanic heat flux of 2 W·m<sup>−2</sup>, the maximum error of the numerical model approached 60% in 2010 and 3.7% in 2021. However, using the oceanic heat flux calculated in this work, the maximum error can be significantly reduced to 4.2% in the winter of 2009/2010 and 1.5% in 2020/2021. Additionally, the oceanic heat flux in Liaodong Bay showed a decreasing trend with the increase in ice thickness and air temperature.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/5/943Liaodong Baysea ice thicknessStefan’s lawHIGHTSIoceanic heat flux |
| spellingShingle | Yuxian Ma Dewen Ding Ning Xu Shuai Yuan Wenqi Shi Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations Water Liaodong Bay sea ice thickness Stefan’s law HIGHTSI oceanic heat flux |
| title | Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations |
| title_full | Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations |
| title_fullStr | Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations |
| title_short | Ice Mass Balance in Liaodong Bay: Modeling and Observations |
| title_sort | ice mass balance in liaodong bay modeling and observations |
| topic | Liaodong Bay sea ice thickness Stefan’s law HIGHTSI oceanic heat flux |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/5/943 |
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