Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments
The impact of climate change on crop production is a major concern in drought-prone regions, which are experiencing increasingly severe drought conditions. The goal of this study was to use the Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model to simulate and predict flax yield and water balanc...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/12/2995 |
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| author | Yue Li Bing Wu Yuhong Gao Ling Wu Xia Zhao Lili Wu Hui Zhou Jie Tang |
| author_facet | Yue Li Bing Wu Yuhong Gao Ling Wu Xia Zhao Lili Wu Hui Zhou Jie Tang |
| author_sort | Yue Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The impact of climate change on crop production is a major concern in drought-prone regions, which are experiencing increasingly severe drought conditions. The goal of this study was to use the Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model to simulate and predict flax yield and water balance, as well as to determine the optimal irrigation and fertilizer for flax production to counteract the effects of climate change under arid and semiarid conditions. The model was calibrated using field experimental data from 2019 to 2020 and evaluated using field experimental data from 2021 to 2022 with a combination of four irrigation treatments (full irrigation, 180 mm, deficit irrigation at vegetative and reproductive stage, no irrigation) and four fertilizer rates (no fertilizer, NPK, NPK + flax oil residue, NPK + farm manure) using a plot design for a total of 16 treatments. To determine the key irrigation and fertility periods and irrigation and fertilization amounts that affect flax yield to address climate change, a combination of four irrigation and six fertilizer rates and six irrigation stages were simulated. The results showed that the model successfully predicted flax yield (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98) and water-use efficiency (WUE) (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79). When compared to inorganic fertilization, the grain yield and WUE improved by 16.47% and 13.83%; replacing 50% of inorganic fertilizer with flax oil residue achieved the optimal results. The flax yield and WUE increased by 3.37% and 1.25% under full irrigation (180 mm) compared to irrigation of 120 mm with a not-very-significant difference. The positive effect of irrigation on soil water content (SWC) was highest during the budding stage, followed by the flowering stage, fruiting stage, and stemming stage. Therefore, in arid and semiarid areas with scarce water resources, irrigation at a 55% deficiency during the vegetative growth period of flax combined with the application of flax oil residue and NPK (1550 flax oil residue, 45 N, 50.2 P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and 33.9 K<sub>2</sub>O kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) might be an effective adaptation strategy for improved future flax production. Our results can facilitate the development of sustainable agriculture practices that reduce water input and improve WUE to counteract climate change effects. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:04:52Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-cb6be77662864c0186b70a408ccd291f2023-12-22T13:46:36ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-12-011312299510.3390/agronomy13122995Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid EnvironmentsYue Li0Bing Wu1Yuhong Gao2Ling Wu3Xia Zhao4Lili Wu5Hui Zhou6Jie Tang7College of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaNetwork Information Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaThe impact of climate change on crop production is a major concern in drought-prone regions, which are experiencing increasingly severe drought conditions. The goal of this study was to use the Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model to simulate and predict flax yield and water balance, as well as to determine the optimal irrigation and fertilizer for flax production to counteract the effects of climate change under arid and semiarid conditions. The model was calibrated using field experimental data from 2019 to 2020 and evaluated using field experimental data from 2021 to 2022 with a combination of four irrigation treatments (full irrigation, 180 mm, deficit irrigation at vegetative and reproductive stage, no irrigation) and four fertilizer rates (no fertilizer, NPK, NPK + flax oil residue, NPK + farm manure) using a plot design for a total of 16 treatments. To determine the key irrigation and fertility periods and irrigation and fertilization amounts that affect flax yield to address climate change, a combination of four irrigation and six fertilizer rates and six irrigation stages were simulated. The results showed that the model successfully predicted flax yield (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98) and water-use efficiency (WUE) (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79). When compared to inorganic fertilization, the grain yield and WUE improved by 16.47% and 13.83%; replacing 50% of inorganic fertilizer with flax oil residue achieved the optimal results. The flax yield and WUE increased by 3.37% and 1.25% under full irrigation (180 mm) compared to irrigation of 120 mm with a not-very-significant difference. The positive effect of irrigation on soil water content (SWC) was highest during the budding stage, followed by the flowering stage, fruiting stage, and stemming stage. Therefore, in arid and semiarid areas with scarce water resources, irrigation at a 55% deficiency during the vegetative growth period of flax combined with the application of flax oil residue and NPK (1550 flax oil residue, 45 N, 50.2 P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and 33.9 K<sub>2</sub>O kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) might be an effective adaptation strategy for improved future flax production. Our results can facilitate the development of sustainable agriculture practices that reduce water input and improve WUE to counteract climate change effects.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/12/2995oilseed flaxwater balanceAPSIMsimulation modelingwater-use efficiencyclimate change |
| spellingShingle | Yue Li Bing Wu Yuhong Gao Ling Wu Xia Zhao Lili Wu Hui Zhou Jie Tang Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments Agronomy oilseed flax water balance APSIM simulation modeling water-use efficiency climate change |
| title | Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments |
| title_full | Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments |
| title_fullStr | Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments |
| title_short | Combination of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Counteract Climate Change Effects on Cultivation of Oilseed Flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) Using the APSIM Model in Arid and Semiarid Environments |
| title_sort | combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers to counteract climate change effects on cultivation of oilseed flax i linum usitatissimum i l using the apsim model in arid and semiarid environments |
| topic | oilseed flax water balance APSIM simulation modeling water-use efficiency climate change |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/12/2995 |
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