Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives
Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, can root several infections viz skin and tissue infections, bacteraemia, food poisoning, pneumonia, and many other clinical conditions with some variations of virulence factors. In treatment of infections, caused by this Gram-positive pathogen, sever...
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| Format: | Article |
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Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://microbiologyjournal.org/linezolid-resistance-staphylococcus-aureus-prevalence-emerging-resistance-mechanisms-challenges-and-perspectives/ |
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| author | Hassan Rafique Nazim Hussain Muhammad Usama Saeed Hafiz M.N. Iqbal Gulfam Azim Muhammad Bilal |
| author_facet | Hassan Rafique Nazim Hussain Muhammad Usama Saeed Hafiz M.N. Iqbal Gulfam Azim Muhammad Bilal |
| author_sort | Hassan Rafique |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, can root several infections viz skin and tissue infections, bacteraemia, food poisoning, pneumonia, and many other clinical conditions with some variations of virulence factors. In treatment of infections, caused by this Gram-positive pathogen, several antibiotics are being used importantly Methicillin and Vancomycin. This pathogen has high capability of antibiotic resistance development and had evolved new strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). Meta-analysis in Ethiopia showed that pooled prevalence of MRSA in environment, food, animal, and human was 54%, 77%, 15%, and 38% respectively (2022). Risk of MRSA isolates from burn ICU was 55 % higher (2018). In Bangladesh, 37.1% isolates from frozen meat chicken (2021) were identified as MRSA. This problem is being dealt with a novel drug called Linezolid which has been proved effective against both MRSA and VRSA. Exacerbating the situation, this pathogen has shown resistance against this unprecedented drug by means of a number of drug resistance mechanisms. Its prevalence has been reporting since the adoption of the drug, but with a minute ratio at one time/place to the very high percentage at another time/place. This inconsistent prevalence must not be ignored, and its surveillance should be augmented as antibiotic treatment is critical for fighting against microbial infections. This review highlights the worldwide reports in which Staphylococcus aureus of either wildtype or Methicillin or Vancomycin resistance that have shown resistance to Linezolid drug for the past 2 decades. At the same time where incidences of Linezolid Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LRSA) indications are reporting, there is a call for comprehensive strategies to overcome this challenge of antibiotic resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T22:41:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cb8a99ed49b34c1cb1bf521606741bf1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0973-7510 2581-690X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T22:41:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology |
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| series | Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-cb8a99ed49b34c1cb1bf521606741bf12022-12-22T02:26:37ZengJournal of Pure and Applied MicrobiologyJournal of Pure and Applied Microbiology0973-75102581-690X2022-09-0116314921505https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.3.44Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and PerspectivesHassan RafiqueNazim HussainMuhammad Usama SaeedHafiz M.N. Iqbalhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4855-2720Gulfam AzimMuhammad Bilalhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-3183Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, can root several infections viz skin and tissue infections, bacteraemia, food poisoning, pneumonia, and many other clinical conditions with some variations of virulence factors. In treatment of infections, caused by this Gram-positive pathogen, several antibiotics are being used importantly Methicillin and Vancomycin. This pathogen has high capability of antibiotic resistance development and had evolved new strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). Meta-analysis in Ethiopia showed that pooled prevalence of MRSA in environment, food, animal, and human was 54%, 77%, 15%, and 38% respectively (2022). Risk of MRSA isolates from burn ICU was 55 % higher (2018). In Bangladesh, 37.1% isolates from frozen meat chicken (2021) were identified as MRSA. This problem is being dealt with a novel drug called Linezolid which has been proved effective against both MRSA and VRSA. Exacerbating the situation, this pathogen has shown resistance against this unprecedented drug by means of a number of drug resistance mechanisms. Its prevalence has been reporting since the adoption of the drug, but with a minute ratio at one time/place to the very high percentage at another time/place. This inconsistent prevalence must not be ignored, and its surveillance should be augmented as antibiotic treatment is critical for fighting against microbial infections. This review highlights the worldwide reports in which Staphylococcus aureus of either wildtype or Methicillin or Vancomycin resistance that have shown resistance to Linezolid drug for the past 2 decades. At the same time where incidences of Linezolid Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LRSA) indications are reporting, there is a call for comprehensive strategies to overcome this challenge of antibiotic resistance.https://microbiologyjournal.org/linezolid-resistance-staphylococcus-aureus-prevalence-emerging-resistance-mechanisms-challenges-and-perspectives/linezolidantibacterial resistancelinezolid resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| spellingShingle | Hassan Rafique Nazim Hussain Muhammad Usama Saeed Hafiz M.N. Iqbal Gulfam Azim Muhammad Bilal Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology linezolid antibacterial resistance linezolid resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| title | Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives |
| title_full | Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives |
| title_short | Linezolid-resistance Staphylococcus aureus – Prevalence, Emerging Resistance Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives |
| title_sort | linezolid resistance staphylococcus aureus prevalence emerging resistance mechanisms challenges and perspectives |
| topic | linezolid antibacterial resistance linezolid resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| url | https://microbiologyjournal.org/linezolid-resistance-staphylococcus-aureus-prevalence-emerging-resistance-mechanisms-challenges-and-perspectives/ |
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