Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques
Driven by the momentum toward compact and low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, the research on fully-integrated and energy-efficient kHz-to-MHz timers increased explosively. This article examines recent publications on timers and classifies them into two major categories: open-loop-based and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2022-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9798813/ |
| _version_ | 1811333911482990592 |
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| author | Mikki How-Wen Loo Harikrishnan Ramiah Ka-Meng Lei Chee Cheow Lim Nai Shyan Lai Pui-In Mak Rui P. Martins |
| author_facet | Mikki How-Wen Loo Harikrishnan Ramiah Ka-Meng Lei Chee Cheow Lim Nai Shyan Lai Pui-In Mak Rui P. Martins |
| author_sort | Mikki How-Wen Loo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Driven by the momentum toward compact and low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, the research on fully-integrated and energy-efficient kHz-to-MHz timers increased explosively. This article examines recent publications on timers and classifies them into two major categories: open-loop-based and close-loop-based timers. Upon introducing the basic parameters for characterizing a timer, we perform an extensive investigation to gain insights into recent state-of-the-art works. We also discuss in detail the comparison between the two classes of timers. With the aid of the state-of-the-art, we present a comprehensive review from multiple perspectives, such as <italic>Energy Efficiency</italic>, <italic>Temperature Coefficient</italic>, <italic>Temperature Range, Figure-of-Merit</italic>, etc. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T16:59:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cb8ea737779f48489e7150be759a393a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T16:59:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-cb8ea737779f48489e7150be759a393a2022-12-22T02:38:42ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362022-01-0110659366595010.1109/ACCESS.2022.31839959798813Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design TechniquesMikki How-Wen Loo0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9663-255XHarikrishnan Ramiah1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-6525Ka-Meng Lei2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1781-971XChee Cheow Lim3Nai Shyan Lai4Pui-In Mak5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740Rui P. Martins6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648XDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaState-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, MacauState-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, MacauSchool of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSchool of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaState-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, MacauState-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, MacauDriven by the momentum toward compact and low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, the research on fully-integrated and energy-efficient kHz-to-MHz timers increased explosively. This article examines recent publications on timers and classifies them into two major categories: open-loop-based and close-loop-based timers. Upon introducing the basic parameters for characterizing a timer, we perform an extensive investigation to gain insights into recent state-of-the-art works. We also discuss in detail the comparison between the two classes of timers. With the aid of the state-of-the-art, we present a comprehensive review from multiple perspectives, such as <italic>Energy Efficiency</italic>, <italic>Temperature Coefficient</italic>, <italic>Temperature Range, Figure-of-Merit</italic>, etc.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9798813/CMOSInternet-of-Things (IoT)relaxation oscillator (RxO)frequency-locked-loop (FLL)Allan deviationjitter |
| spellingShingle | Mikki How-Wen Loo Harikrishnan Ramiah Ka-Meng Lei Chee Cheow Lim Nai Shyan Lai Pui-In Mak Rui P. Martins Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques IEEE Access CMOS Internet-of-Things (IoT) relaxation oscillator (RxO) frequency-locked-loop (FLL) Allan deviation jitter |
| title | Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_full | Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_short | Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes—Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_sort | fully integrated timers for ultra low power internet of things nodes x2014 fundamentals and design techniques |
| topic | CMOS Internet-of-Things (IoT) relaxation oscillator (RxO) frequency-locked-loop (FLL) Allan deviation jitter |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9798813/ |
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