The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties
Different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been incorporated in materials based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by solvent blending followed by their further precipitation. Final processing was performed by compression molding. The morphological aspects and crystalline characteristics have...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/6/1491 |
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| author | María L. Cerrada Javier Arranz-Andrés Alicia Caballero-González Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez Ernesto Pérez |
| author_facet | María L. Cerrada Javier Arranz-Andrés Alicia Caballero-González Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez Ernesto Pérez |
| author_sort | María L. Cerrada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been incorporated in materials based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by solvent blending followed by their further precipitation. Final processing was performed by compression molding. The morphological aspects and crystalline characteristics have been examined, additionally exploring in these nanocomposites the common routes described in the pristine PVDF to induce the β polymorph. This polar β phase has been found to be promoted by the simple inclusion of CNT. Therefore, coexistence of the α and β lattices occurs for the analyzed materials. The real-time variable-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements with synchrotron radiation at a wide angle have undoubtedly allowed us to observe the presence of the two polymorphs and determine the melting temperature of both crystalline modifications. Furthermore, the CNT plays a nucleating role in the PVDF crystallization, and also acts as reinforcement, increasing the stiffness of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the mobility within the amorphous and crystalline PVDF regions is found to change with the CNT content. Finally, the presence of CNT leads to a very remarkable increase in the conductivity parameter, in such a way that the transition from insulator to electrical conductor is reached in these nanocomposites at a percolation threshold ranging from 1 to 2 wt.%, leading to the excellent value of conductivity of 0.05 S/cm in the material with the highest content in CNT (8 wt.%). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:59:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cbabef78a16945d184844ae2ff6a0227 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:59:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-cbabef78a16945d184844ae2ff6a02272023-11-17T13:26:18ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-03-01156149110.3390/polym15061491The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and PropertiesMaría L. Cerrada0Javier Arranz-Andrés1Alicia Caballero-González2Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez3Ernesto Pérez4Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, SpainDifferent amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been incorporated in materials based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by solvent blending followed by their further precipitation. Final processing was performed by compression molding. The morphological aspects and crystalline characteristics have been examined, additionally exploring in these nanocomposites the common routes described in the pristine PVDF to induce the β polymorph. This polar β phase has been found to be promoted by the simple inclusion of CNT. Therefore, coexistence of the α and β lattices occurs for the analyzed materials. The real-time variable-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements with synchrotron radiation at a wide angle have undoubtedly allowed us to observe the presence of the two polymorphs and determine the melting temperature of both crystalline modifications. Furthermore, the CNT plays a nucleating role in the PVDF crystallization, and also acts as reinforcement, increasing the stiffness of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the mobility within the amorphous and crystalline PVDF regions is found to change with the CNT content. Finally, the presence of CNT leads to a very remarkable increase in the conductivity parameter, in such a way that the transition from insulator to electrical conductor is reached in these nanocomposites at a percolation threshold ranging from 1 to 2 wt.%, leading to the excellent value of conductivity of 0.05 S/cm in the material with the highest content in CNT (8 wt.%).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/6/1491PVDFCNTnanocompositesβ and α polymorphsconductivitypercolation |
| spellingShingle | María L. Cerrada Javier Arranz-Andrés Alicia Caballero-González Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez Ernesto Pérez The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties Polymers PVDF CNT nanocomposites β and α polymorphs conductivity percolation |
| title | The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties |
| title_full | The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties |
| title_fullStr | The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties |
| title_short | The β Form in PVDF Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Features and Properties |
| title_sort | β form in pvdf nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes structural features and properties |
| topic | PVDF CNT nanocomposites β and α polymorphs conductivity percolation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/6/1491 |
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