Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy
Chronic immune activation has been considered as the driving force for CD4+ T cell depletion in people infected with HIV-1. Interestingly, the normal immune profile of adult HIV-negative individuals living in Africa also exhibit chronic immune activation, reminiscent of that observed in HIV-1 infect...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.693269/full |
| _version_ | 1818458330178256896 |
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| author | Dawit Wolday Francis M. Ndungu Gloria P. Gómez-Pérez Tobias F. Rinke de Wit Tobias F. Rinke de Wit |
| author_facet | Dawit Wolday Francis M. Ndungu Gloria P. Gómez-Pérez Tobias F. Rinke de Wit Tobias F. Rinke de Wit |
| author_sort | Dawit Wolday |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chronic immune activation has been considered as the driving force for CD4+ T cell depletion in people infected with HIV-1. Interestingly, the normal immune profile of adult HIV-negative individuals living in Africa also exhibit chronic immune activation, reminiscent of that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals. It is characterized by increased levels of soluble immune activation markers, such as the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and cellular activation markers including HLA-DR, CD-38, CCR5, coupled with reduced naïve and increased memory cells in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. In addition, it is accompanied by low CD4+ T cell counts when compared to Europeans. There is also evidence that mononuclear cells from African infants secrete less innate cytokines than South and North Americans and Europeans in vitro. Chronic immune activation in Africans is linked to environmental factors such as parasitic infections and could be responsible for previously observed immune hypo-responsiveness to infections and vaccines. It is unclear whether the immunogenicity and effectiveness of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will also be reduced by similar mechanisms. A review of studies investigating this phenomenon is urgently required as they should inform the design and delivery for vaccines to be used in African populations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T22:56:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cbd345a6832c46c1815ec3f5e75ec547 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T22:56:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-cbd345a6832c46c1815ec3f5e75ec5472022-12-21T22:44:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-06-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.693269693269Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine EfficacyDawit Wolday0Francis M. Ndungu1Gloria P. Gómez-Pérez2Tobias F. Rinke de Wit3Tobias F. Rinke de Wit4Department of Medicine, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, EthiopiaDepartment of Global Health, Kenyan Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Research Programme, Nairobi, KenyaAmsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, NetherlandsAmsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, NetherlandsJoep-Lange Institute, Amsterdam, NetherlandsChronic immune activation has been considered as the driving force for CD4+ T cell depletion in people infected with HIV-1. Interestingly, the normal immune profile of adult HIV-negative individuals living in Africa also exhibit chronic immune activation, reminiscent of that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals. It is characterized by increased levels of soluble immune activation markers, such as the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and cellular activation markers including HLA-DR, CD-38, CCR5, coupled with reduced naïve and increased memory cells in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. In addition, it is accompanied by low CD4+ T cell counts when compared to Europeans. There is also evidence that mononuclear cells from African infants secrete less innate cytokines than South and North Americans and Europeans in vitro. Chronic immune activation in Africans is linked to environmental factors such as parasitic infections and could be responsible for previously observed immune hypo-responsiveness to infections and vaccines. It is unclear whether the immunogenicity and effectiveness of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will also be reduced by similar mechanisms. A review of studies investigating this phenomenon is urgently required as they should inform the design and delivery for vaccines to be used in African populations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.693269/fullAfricachronic immune activationSARS-CoV-2vaccinehyporesponsivenessCOVID-19 |
| spellingShingle | Dawit Wolday Francis M. Ndungu Gloria P. Gómez-Pérez Tobias F. Rinke de Wit Tobias F. Rinke de Wit Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy Frontiers in Immunology Africa chronic immune activation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hyporesponsiveness COVID-19 |
| title | Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy |
| title_full | Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy |
| title_fullStr | Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy |
| title_short | Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy |
| title_sort | chronic immune activation and cd4 t cell lymphopenia in healthy african individuals perspectives for sars cov 2 vaccine efficacy |
| topic | Africa chronic immune activation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hyporesponsiveness COVID-19 |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.693269/full |
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