Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”?
Human disseminated protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus Prototheca, an achlorophyllic algae always associated with debilitated hosts. The presence of non-budding cells and large, spherical cells (sporangia) with endosporulation (morula) in histology is proof of Prototheca...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.880196/full |
| _version_ | 1818204198032900096 |
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| author | Xue Wang Xue Wang Yuanshuai Ran Songgan Jia Sarah Ahmed Xuemei Long Yinhui Jiang Yanping Jiang Yanping Jiang |
| author_facet | Xue Wang Xue Wang Yuanshuai Ran Songgan Jia Sarah Ahmed Xuemei Long Yinhui Jiang Yanping Jiang Yanping Jiang |
| author_sort | Xue Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human disseminated protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus Prototheca, an achlorophyllic algae always associated with debilitated hosts. The presence of non-budding cells and large, spherical cells (sporangia) with endosporulation (morula) in histology is proof of Prototheca infection. Regrettably, due to the lack of specificity of clinical features and low awareness among clinicians, protothecosis is always underestimated and misdiagnosed. The available data on a species-specific analysis of this infection are limited. In this review, we summarize the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of disseminated protothecosis. The potential pathogenicity and clinical differences between P. zopfii and P. wickerhamii were observed. Additionally, the skin not only became the main invasion site but also the most involved organ by the pathogen. With the increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals throughout the world, the incidence of disseminated infection caused by Prototheca is bound to increase, and disseminated protothecosis that accompanies skin symptoms should be taken into account by clinicians. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T03:37:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cbd3a56b97de47ce9da3fcbb73ea9433 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T03:37:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-cbd3a56b97de47ce9da3fcbb73ea94332022-12-22T00:39:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-06-011310.3389/fimmu.2022.880196880196Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”?Xue Wang0Xue Wang1Yuanshuai Ran2Songgan Jia3Sarah Ahmed4Xuemei Long5Yinhui Jiang6Yanping Jiang7Yanping Jiang8Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Microbiology, Basic Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaCentre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, NetherlandsDepartment of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaLaboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, ChinaCentre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, NetherlandsHuman disseminated protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus Prototheca, an achlorophyllic algae always associated with debilitated hosts. The presence of non-budding cells and large, spherical cells (sporangia) with endosporulation (morula) in histology is proof of Prototheca infection. Regrettably, due to the lack of specificity of clinical features and low awareness among clinicians, protothecosis is always underestimated and misdiagnosed. The available data on a species-specific analysis of this infection are limited. In this review, we summarize the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of disseminated protothecosis. The potential pathogenicity and clinical differences between P. zopfii and P. wickerhamii were observed. Additionally, the skin not only became the main invasion site but also the most involved organ by the pathogen. With the increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals throughout the world, the incidence of disseminated infection caused by Prototheca is bound to increase, and disseminated protothecosis that accompanies skin symptoms should be taken into account by clinicians.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.880196/fullhumansimmunosuppressionskin diseasesdiagnostic errorsPrototheca |
| spellingShingle | Xue Wang Xue Wang Yuanshuai Ran Songgan Jia Sarah Ahmed Xuemei Long Yinhui Jiang Yanping Jiang Yanping Jiang Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? Frontiers in Immunology humans immunosuppression skin diseases diagnostic errors Prototheca |
| title | Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? |
| title_full | Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? |
| title_fullStr | Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? |
| title_short | Human Disseminated Protothecosis: The Skin is the “Window”? |
| title_sort | human disseminated protothecosis the skin is the window |
| topic | humans immunosuppression skin diseases diagnostic errors Prototheca |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.880196/full |
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