Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, with diagnostic criteria defined as impaired skeletal muscle function and altered body composition (e.g., increased fat mass and reduced muscle mass). The mechanism of SO is not yet perfectly understood; however, the pathogenesis in...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/15/2/206 |
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| author | Łukasz Mazurkiewicz Krystian Czernikiewicz Bogna Grygiel-Górniak |
| author_facet | Łukasz Mazurkiewicz Krystian Czernikiewicz Bogna Grygiel-Górniak |
| author_sort | Łukasz Mazurkiewicz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, with diagnostic criteria defined as impaired skeletal muscle function and altered body composition (e.g., increased fat mass and reduced muscle mass). The mechanism of SO is not yet perfectly understood; however, the pathogenesis includes aging and its complications, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and hormonal changes. Genetic background is apparent in the pathogenesis of isolated obesity, which is most often polygenic and is characterized by the additive effect of various genetic factors. The genetic etiology has not been strictly established in SO. Still, many data confirm the existence of pathogenic gene variants, e.g., Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene (<i>FTO</i>), beta-2-adrenergic receptor (<i>ADRB2</i>) gene, melanocortin-4 receptor (<i>MC4R</i>) and others with obesity. The literature on the role of these genes is scarce, and their role has not yet been thoroughly established. On the other hand, the involvement of systemic inflammation due to increased adipose tissue in SO plays a significant role in its pathophysiology through the synthesis of various cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1Ra, IL-15, adiponectin or CRP. The lack of anti-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-15) can increase SO risk, but further studies are needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms of implications of various cytokines in SO individuals. This manuscript analyses various immunogenetic and non-genetic factors and summarizes the recent findings on immunogenetics potentially impacting SO development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:32:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cbd858cc802b4a018ef4fbebf9e8a43e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:32:02Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes |
| spelling | doaj.art-cbd858cc802b4a018ef4fbebf9e8a43e2024-02-23T15:17:50ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252024-02-0115220610.3390/genes15020206Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic ObesityŁukasz Mazurkiewicz0Krystian Czernikiewicz1Bogna Grygiel-Górniak2Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, PolandSarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, with diagnostic criteria defined as impaired skeletal muscle function and altered body composition (e.g., increased fat mass and reduced muscle mass). The mechanism of SO is not yet perfectly understood; however, the pathogenesis includes aging and its complications, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and hormonal changes. Genetic background is apparent in the pathogenesis of isolated obesity, which is most often polygenic and is characterized by the additive effect of various genetic factors. The genetic etiology has not been strictly established in SO. Still, many data confirm the existence of pathogenic gene variants, e.g., Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene (<i>FTO</i>), beta-2-adrenergic receptor (<i>ADRB2</i>) gene, melanocortin-4 receptor (<i>MC4R</i>) and others with obesity. The literature on the role of these genes is scarce, and their role has not yet been thoroughly established. On the other hand, the involvement of systemic inflammation due to increased adipose tissue in SO plays a significant role in its pathophysiology through the synthesis of various cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1Ra, IL-15, adiponectin or CRP. The lack of anti-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-15) can increase SO risk, but further studies are needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms of implications of various cytokines in SO individuals. This manuscript analyses various immunogenetic and non-genetic factors and summarizes the recent findings on immunogenetics potentially impacting SO development.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/15/2/206sarcopenic obesitygenetic backgroundimmunogenetics aspects |
| spellingShingle | Łukasz Mazurkiewicz Krystian Czernikiewicz Bogna Grygiel-Górniak Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity Genes sarcopenic obesity genetic background immunogenetics aspects |
| title | Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity |
| title_full | Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity |
| title_fullStr | Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity |
| title_short | Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity |
| title_sort | immunogenetic aspects of sarcopenic obesity |
| topic | sarcopenic obesity genetic background immunogenetics aspects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/15/2/206 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT łukaszmazurkiewicz immunogeneticaspectsofsarcopenicobesity AT krystianczernikiewicz immunogeneticaspectsofsarcopenicobesity AT bognagrygielgorniak immunogeneticaspectsofsarcopenicobesity |