Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review
Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients’ physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. H...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/12/4839 |
| _version_ | 1797593270262431744 |
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| author | Amin Mahmood Thawabteh Alaa Jibreen Donia Karaman Alà Thawabteh Rafik Karaman |
| author_facet | Amin Mahmood Thawabteh Alaa Jibreen Donia Karaman Alà Thawabteh Rafik Karaman |
| author_sort | Amin Mahmood Thawabteh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients’ physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. Hyperpigmentation, where pigment appears to overflow, and hypopigmentation, where pigment is reduced, are the two major classifications of skin pigmentation. Albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison’s disease, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can be brought on by eczema, acne vulgaris, and drug interactions, are the most common skin pigmentation disorders in clinical practice. Anti-inflammatory medications, antioxidants, and medications that inhibit tyrosinase, which prevents the production of melanin, are all possible treatments for pigmentation problems. Skin pigmentation can be treated orally and topically with medications, herbal remedies, and cosmetic products, but a doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new medicine or treatment plan. This review article explores the numerous types of pigmentation problems, their causes, and treatments, as well as the 25 plants, 4 marine species, and 17 topical and oral medications now on the market that have been clinically tested to treat skin diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:06:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cbee6501a8de4d54b05e47d18cd47894 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:06:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-cbee6501a8de4d54b05e47d18cd478942023-11-18T11:51:03ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-06-012812483910.3390/molecules28124839Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A ReviewAmin Mahmood Thawabteh0Alaa Jibreen1Donia Karaman2Alà Thawabteh3Rafik Karaman4Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, PalestineResearch and Development Department, Beit Jala Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beit Jala 97300, PalestinePharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, PalestineMedical Imaging Department, Faculty of Health Profession, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, PalestinePharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, PalestineHuman skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients’ physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. Hyperpigmentation, where pigment appears to overflow, and hypopigmentation, where pigment is reduced, are the two major classifications of skin pigmentation. Albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison’s disease, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can be brought on by eczema, acne vulgaris, and drug interactions, are the most common skin pigmentation disorders in clinical practice. Anti-inflammatory medications, antioxidants, and medications that inhibit tyrosinase, which prevents the production of melanin, are all possible treatments for pigmentation problems. Skin pigmentation can be treated orally and topically with medications, herbal remedies, and cosmetic products, but a doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new medicine or treatment plan. This review article explores the numerous types of pigmentation problems, their causes, and treatments, as well as the 25 plants, 4 marine species, and 17 topical and oral medications now on the market that have been clinically tested to treat skin diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/12/4839skin pigmentationmelanintyrosinase inhibitorshypopigmentationhyperpigmentationvitiligo |
| spellingShingle | Amin Mahmood Thawabteh Alaa Jibreen Donia Karaman Alà Thawabteh Rafik Karaman Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review Molecules skin pigmentation melanin tyrosinase inhibitors hypopigmentation hyperpigmentation vitiligo |
| title | Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review |
| title_full | Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review |
| title_short | Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review |
| title_sort | skin pigmentation types causes and treatment a review |
| topic | skin pigmentation melanin tyrosinase inhibitors hypopigmentation hyperpigmentation vitiligo |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/12/4839 |
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