A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica
The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is known to contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Unfortunately, there are no public records of antimicrobial use (frequency or dosage) administered to animals in two major CARICOM (Caribbean Community) countries: Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/7/885 |
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| author | Muhammad Sani Ismaila Alexandra Thomas-Rhoden Angel Neptune Kezia Sookram Samantha Gopaul Travis Padarath Anil Persad Karla Georges Venkatesan Sundaram |
| author_facet | Muhammad Sani Ismaila Alexandra Thomas-Rhoden Angel Neptune Kezia Sookram Samantha Gopaul Travis Padarath Anil Persad Karla Georges Venkatesan Sundaram |
| author_sort | Muhammad Sani Ismaila |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is known to contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Unfortunately, there are no public records of antimicrobial use (frequency or dosage) administered to animals in two major CARICOM (Caribbean Community) countries: Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. Surveillance would promote amendments and discussion on a Caribbean antimicrobial-use protocol. In this study, an online survey was conducted using cross-sectional qualitative interviews via email, targeting veterinary clinicians working in clinics and farms in Trinidad and Jamaica, to identify how antimicrobials are used in the two countries. Out of the thirty-two (32) clinicians interviewed in Trinidad, 22 (68.75%) were small animal practitioners, and 10 (45.45%) were mixed practitioners. While in Jamaica, a total of Twenty six (26) clinicians responded, of which 17 of them (65.38%) were small animal practitioners and nine (34.62%) were mixed practitioners. A total of 95.2% of clinics and farms in Jamaica and 87.1% in Trinidad did not use standard antimicrobial protocols, which could be due to the limited availability of resources. The broad-spectrum antibiotic, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were the most commonly used drugs in small animal practices in both countries (71.9% and 53.8% in dogs), (78.1% and 65.9% in cats); amoxicillin is also used frequently in mixed animal practice in Jamaica (44.4% in goats, 33.3% in cattle and 22.2% in sheep and pigs), while procaine penicillin and streptomycin was the most frequently used in mixed practice in Trinidad (60% in cattle and goats, 50% in sheep), which could explain the potentially increased risk of antimicrobial resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:24:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cc0c765c27504dada003c4ee8f2cf493 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:24:41Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-cc0c765c27504dada003c4ee8f2cf4932023-12-01T21:48:59ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822022-07-0111788510.3390/antibiotics11070885A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and JamaicaMuhammad Sani Ismaila0Alexandra Thomas-Rhoden1Angel Neptune2Kezia Sookram3Samantha Gopaul4Travis Padarath5Anil Persad6Karla Georges7Venkatesan Sundaram8Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoThe extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is known to contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Unfortunately, there are no public records of antimicrobial use (frequency or dosage) administered to animals in two major CARICOM (Caribbean Community) countries: Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. Surveillance would promote amendments and discussion on a Caribbean antimicrobial-use protocol. In this study, an online survey was conducted using cross-sectional qualitative interviews via email, targeting veterinary clinicians working in clinics and farms in Trinidad and Jamaica, to identify how antimicrobials are used in the two countries. Out of the thirty-two (32) clinicians interviewed in Trinidad, 22 (68.75%) were small animal practitioners, and 10 (45.45%) were mixed practitioners. While in Jamaica, a total of Twenty six (26) clinicians responded, of which 17 of them (65.38%) were small animal practitioners and nine (34.62%) were mixed practitioners. A total of 95.2% of clinics and farms in Jamaica and 87.1% in Trinidad did not use standard antimicrobial protocols, which could be due to the limited availability of resources. The broad-spectrum antibiotic, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were the most commonly used drugs in small animal practices in both countries (71.9% and 53.8% in dogs), (78.1% and 65.9% in cats); amoxicillin is also used frequently in mixed animal practice in Jamaica (44.4% in goats, 33.3% in cattle and 22.2% in sheep and pigs), while procaine penicillin and streptomycin was the most frequently used in mixed practice in Trinidad (60% in cattle and goats, 50% in sheep), which could explain the potentially increased risk of antimicrobial resistance.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/7/885antimicrobialsCARICOM countriesmixed practicesmall animal practice |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Sani Ismaila Alexandra Thomas-Rhoden Angel Neptune Kezia Sookram Samantha Gopaul Travis Padarath Anil Persad Karla Georges Venkatesan Sundaram A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica Antibiotics antimicrobials CARICOM countries mixed practice small animal practice |
| title | A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica |
| title_full | A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica |
| title_fullStr | A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica |
| title_short | A Survey on the Rationale Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Small Animal Clinics and Farms in Trinidad and Jamaica |
| title_sort | survey on the rationale usage of antimicrobial agents in small animal clinics and farms in trinidad and jamaica |
| topic | antimicrobials CARICOM countries mixed practice small animal practice |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/7/885 |
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