Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner
In this study, we investigated the enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and the effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> (<i>F. tataricum</i>) Gaertner extract (FFT) through in vitro analysis. We utilized high-performance liq...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-02-01
|
| Series: | Fermentation |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/10/3/116 |
| _version_ | 1797241132336283648 |
|---|---|
| author | Chan-Hwi Park Hyun Kang Sung-Gyu Lee |
| author_facet | Chan-Hwi Park Hyun Kang Sung-Gyu Lee |
| author_sort | Chan-Hwi Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we investigated the enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and the effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> (<i>F. tataricum</i>) Gaertner extract (FFT) through in vitro analysis. We utilized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the non-fermented <i>F. tataricum</i> Gaertner extract (NFT) and the marker components, rutin and quercetin in FFT, to confirm changes in composition due to fermentation. The anti-inflammatory activity of NFT and FFT was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell inflammation model. Simultaneously, the NAFLD improvement effects were measured by evaluating lipid accumulation and the expression of lipid synthesis regulators in free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells. HPLC analysis confirmed an increase in rutin content after the fermentation of <i>F. tataricum</i> Gaertner. Upon treatment with NFT and FFT at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production values in RAW 264.7 cells were reduced to 16.12 μM and 2.09 μM, respectively, indicating enhanced significant inhibition (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of NO production through fermentation. FFT demonstrated the significant inhibition (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In FFA-induced HepG2 cells, FFT significant suppressed (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lipid accumulation and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α proteins, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA. The results of this study suggest the potential utilization of FFT as a material for improving NAFLD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:18:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cc14e310bafb4752b33efb8039d60006 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:18:28Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-cc14e310bafb4752b33efb8039d600062024-03-27T13:37:53ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372024-02-0110311610.3390/fermentation10030116Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> GaertnerChan-Hwi Park0Hyun Kang1Sung-Gyu Lee2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of KoreaIn this study, we investigated the enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and the effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> (<i>F. tataricum</i>) Gaertner extract (FFT) through in vitro analysis. We utilized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the non-fermented <i>F. tataricum</i> Gaertner extract (NFT) and the marker components, rutin and quercetin in FFT, to confirm changes in composition due to fermentation. The anti-inflammatory activity of NFT and FFT was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell inflammation model. Simultaneously, the NAFLD improvement effects were measured by evaluating lipid accumulation and the expression of lipid synthesis regulators in free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells. HPLC analysis confirmed an increase in rutin content after the fermentation of <i>F. tataricum</i> Gaertner. Upon treatment with NFT and FFT at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production values in RAW 264.7 cells were reduced to 16.12 μM and 2.09 μM, respectively, indicating enhanced significant inhibition (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of NO production through fermentation. FFT demonstrated the significant inhibition (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In FFA-induced HepG2 cells, FFT significant suppressed (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lipid accumulation and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α proteins, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA. The results of this study suggest the potential utilization of FFT as a material for improving NAFLD.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/10/3/116<i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertnernon-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseanti-inflammatorybioconversion<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| spellingShingle | Chan-Hwi Park Hyun Kang Sung-Gyu Lee Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner Fermentation <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner non-alcoholic fatty liver disease anti-inflammatory bioconversion <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| title | Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner |
| title_full | Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner |
| title_short | Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>-Fermented <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner |
| title_sort | enhanced anti inflammatory and non alcoholic fatty liver disease nafld improvement effects of i bacillus subtilis i fermented i fagopyrum tataricum i gaertner |
| topic | <i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Gaertner non-alcoholic fatty liver disease anti-inflammatory bioconversion <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/10/3/116 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chanhwipark enhancedantiinflammatoryandnonalcoholicfattyliverdiseasenafldimprovementeffectsofibacillussubtilisifermentedifagopyrumtataricumigaertner AT hyunkang enhancedantiinflammatoryandnonalcoholicfattyliverdiseasenafldimprovementeffectsofibacillussubtilisifermentedifagopyrumtataricumigaertner AT sunggyulee enhancedantiinflammatoryandnonalcoholicfattyliverdiseasenafldimprovementeffectsofibacillussubtilisifermentedifagopyrumtataricumigaertner |