Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites
Azo dyes are defined by the presence of a characteristic N=N group. Sudan I and Sudan II are synthetic azo dyes that have been used as coloring agents. Although animal toxicity studies suggest that Sudan dyes are mutagenic, their molecular mechanism of action is unknown, thus making it challenging t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.880782/full |
| _version_ | 1818550961620123648 |
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| author | Rachelle J. Bienstock Rachelle J. Bienstock Lalith Perera Melissa A. Pasquinelli Melissa A. Pasquinelli |
| author_facet | Rachelle J. Bienstock Rachelle J. Bienstock Lalith Perera Melissa A. Pasquinelli Melissa A. Pasquinelli |
| author_sort | Rachelle J. Bienstock |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Azo dyes are defined by the presence of a characteristic N=N group. Sudan I and Sudan II are synthetic azo dyes that have been used as coloring agents. Although animal toxicity studies suggest that Sudan dyes are mutagenic, their molecular mechanism of action is unknown, thus making it challenging to establish thresholds for tolerable daily intake or to understand how these molecules could be modified to ameliorate toxicity. In addition, dye metabolites, such as azobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl, have been correlated with epigenetic alterations. We shed some light on the mechanisms of Sudan dye genotoxicity through a molecular modeling study of Sudan I and Sudan II dyes and two common metabolites interacting with DNA as adducts. The results suggest that all four adducts cause significant perturbations to the DNA helical conformation and structure; thus, it can be inferred that DNA repair and replication processes would be significantly impacted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T08:53:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cc2398d8092a48c38eb41b7ebe4d661b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2646 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T08:53:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj.art-cc2398d8092a48c38eb41b7ebe4d661b2022-12-22T00:30:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Chemistry2296-26462022-06-011010.3389/fchem.2022.880782880782Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their MetabolitesRachelle J. Bienstock0Rachelle J. Bienstock1Lalith Perera2Melissa A. Pasquinelli3Melissa A. Pasquinelli4Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United StatesNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United StatesNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United StatesFiber and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United StatesForest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United StatesAzo dyes are defined by the presence of a characteristic N=N group. Sudan I and Sudan II are synthetic azo dyes that have been used as coloring agents. Although animal toxicity studies suggest that Sudan dyes are mutagenic, their molecular mechanism of action is unknown, thus making it challenging to establish thresholds for tolerable daily intake or to understand how these molecules could be modified to ameliorate toxicity. In addition, dye metabolites, such as azobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl, have been correlated with epigenetic alterations. We shed some light on the mechanisms of Sudan dye genotoxicity through a molecular modeling study of Sudan I and Sudan II dyes and two common metabolites interacting with DNA as adducts. The results suggest that all four adducts cause significant perturbations to the DNA helical conformation and structure; thus, it can be inferred that DNA repair and replication processes would be significantly impacted.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.880782/fullazo dyesSudan ISudan IImolecular dynamics simulationsDNA adductsDNA damage |
| spellingShingle | Rachelle J. Bienstock Rachelle J. Bienstock Lalith Perera Melissa A. Pasquinelli Melissa A. Pasquinelli Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites Frontiers in Chemistry azo dyes Sudan I Sudan II molecular dynamics simulations DNA adducts DNA damage |
| title | Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites |
| title_full | Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites |
| title_short | Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites |
| title_sort | molecular modeling study of the genotoxicity of the sudan i and sudan ii azo dyes and their metabolites |
| topic | azo dyes Sudan I Sudan II molecular dynamics simulations DNA adducts DNA damage |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.880782/full |
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