Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder
Renewables-based power grid expansion has increased the use of wood biomass as a low-carbon fuel, resulting in the generation of predominantly inorganic wood biomass ash (WBA) as waste during biomass combustion. The conservation of historically valuable, damaged, and energy-inefficient buildings can...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/7/278 |
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| author | Jelena Šantek Bajto Nina Štirmer Ana Baričević |
| author_facet | Jelena Šantek Bajto Nina Štirmer Ana Baričević |
| author_sort | Jelena Šantek Bajto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Renewables-based power grid expansion has increased the use of wood biomass as a low-carbon fuel, resulting in the generation of predominantly inorganic wood biomass ash (WBA) as waste during biomass combustion. The conservation of historically valuable, damaged, and energy-inefficient buildings can help downsize carbon emissions and energy consumption, while promoting the use of alternative repair materials, including unavailing materials such as WBA, and implementing zero-waste measures. This study aims to underscore the importance of a proactive approach in managing WBA and its application in artificial hydraulic lime (AHL) mortars. Hybrid lime mortars were prepared by combining natural hydraulic lime (NHL) as the primary binder with fly wood biomass ash (WBA) as the secondary substitute, using different mass ratios of NHL to WBA (100:0, 80:20, and 70:30). The experimental framework encompassed interconnected analytical steps, ranging from binder analysis to paste and mortar preparation. The chemical and mineralogical composition, physical properties, and reactivity of WBA were evaluated to determine the appropriate proportion of WBA for low-carbon AHL binder formulation. Prior to mortar mixing, the water demand, setting time, and soundness of the AHL pastes were assessed. The effects of each AHL binder blend on the mechanical properties of the AHL mortars were analyzed based on compressive and flexural strength measurements after 28 days of curing under different CO<sub>2</sub> and moisture conditions (CO<sub>2</sub>~400 ppm at 70% RH and 95% RH; CO<sub>2</sub>~30,000 ppm at 60% RH). Additionally, changes in the porous structure were studied. Notwithstanding the greatly prolonged setting time, the results indicate that the mechanical properties of AHL mortars can be enhanced by the addition of WBA in a moderate ratio, empowering the development of environmentally friendly lime mortars suitable for conservation purposes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:02:04Z |
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| issn | 2571-9408 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:02:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-cc5beff16b4849d98c0a29aac0f374652023-11-18T19:34:35ZengMDPI AGHeritage2571-94082023-07-01675242526910.3390/heritage6070278Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary BinderJelena Šantek Bajto0Nina Štirmer1Ana Baričević2Department of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kacica-Miosica 26, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kacica-Miosica 26, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kacica-Miosica 26, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaRenewables-based power grid expansion has increased the use of wood biomass as a low-carbon fuel, resulting in the generation of predominantly inorganic wood biomass ash (WBA) as waste during biomass combustion. The conservation of historically valuable, damaged, and energy-inefficient buildings can help downsize carbon emissions and energy consumption, while promoting the use of alternative repair materials, including unavailing materials such as WBA, and implementing zero-waste measures. This study aims to underscore the importance of a proactive approach in managing WBA and its application in artificial hydraulic lime (AHL) mortars. Hybrid lime mortars were prepared by combining natural hydraulic lime (NHL) as the primary binder with fly wood biomass ash (WBA) as the secondary substitute, using different mass ratios of NHL to WBA (100:0, 80:20, and 70:30). The experimental framework encompassed interconnected analytical steps, ranging from binder analysis to paste and mortar preparation. The chemical and mineralogical composition, physical properties, and reactivity of WBA were evaluated to determine the appropriate proportion of WBA for low-carbon AHL binder formulation. Prior to mortar mixing, the water demand, setting time, and soundness of the AHL pastes were assessed. The effects of each AHL binder blend on the mechanical properties of the AHL mortars were analyzed based on compressive and flexural strength measurements after 28 days of curing under different CO<sub>2</sub> and moisture conditions (CO<sub>2</sub>~400 ppm at 70% RH and 95% RH; CO<sub>2</sub>~30,000 ppm at 60% RH). Additionally, changes in the porous structure were studied. Notwithstanding the greatly prolonged setting time, the results indicate that the mechanical properties of AHL mortars can be enhanced by the addition of WBA in a moderate ratio, empowering the development of environmentally friendly lime mortars suitable for conservation purposes.https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/7/278wood biomass ashhybrid lime binderslow-carbon repair materialenhanced carbonationsustainable conservation |
| spellingShingle | Jelena Šantek Bajto Nina Štirmer Ana Baričević Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder Heritage wood biomass ash hybrid lime binders low-carbon repair material enhanced carbonation sustainable conservation |
| title | Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder |
| title_full | Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder |
| title_short | Sustainable Hybrid Lime Mortars for Historic Building Conservation: Incorporating Wood Biomass Ash as a Low-Carbon Secondary Binder |
| title_sort | sustainable hybrid lime mortars for historic building conservation incorporating wood biomass ash as a low carbon secondary binder |
| topic | wood biomass ash hybrid lime binders low-carbon repair material enhanced carbonation sustainable conservation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/7/278 |
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