Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses
<b>Background:</b> Very few studies of the antiviral potential of lignosulfonates have been published. With the aim of oral application, among various groups of natural products, the relative antiviral potency of lignosulfonate and its ability to rapidly inactivate viruses were investiga...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-10-01
|
| Series: | Medicines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/8/10/56 |
| _version_ | 1797513922400485376 |
|---|---|
| author | Kunihiko Fukuchi Takuro Koshikawa Daisuke Asai Megumi Inomata Hiroshi Sakagami Hiromu Takemura Taisei Kanamoto Hikaru Aimi Yuji Kikkawa |
| author_facet | Kunihiko Fukuchi Takuro Koshikawa Daisuke Asai Megumi Inomata Hiroshi Sakagami Hiromu Takemura Taisei Kanamoto Hikaru Aimi Yuji Kikkawa |
| author_sort | Kunihiko Fukuchi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Very few studies of the antiviral potential of lignosulfonates have been published. With the aim of oral application, among various groups of natural products, the relative antiviral potency of lignosulfonate and its ability to rapidly inactivate viruses were investigated. <b>Methods:</b> As target cells, MT-4 cells in suspension and attached Vero cells were used for infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV). Mock- or virus-infected cells were incubated for 3–5 days with various concentrations of test samples, and the viable cell number was determined with the MTT method. For the shorter exposure experiments, higher titers of HIV or HSV were exposed to test samples for 10 or 3 min, diluted to a normal multiplicity of infection (MOI), and applied to the cells. Antiviral activity was quantified by using the chemotherapy index. <b>Results:</b> In the long-exposure system, lignosulfonates showed comparable anti-HIV activity with those of AZT, ddC, and sulfated polysaccharides, and it exceeded those of hundreds of tannins and flavonoids. When the exposure time was shortened, the chemotherapeutic index of the lignosulfonates for HIV was increased 27-fold. At a physiological pH, lignosulfonate showed higher anti-HIV activity than commercial alkali-lignin, dealkali-lignin, and humic acid, possibly due to the higher solubility and purity. <b>Conclusions:</b> With their rapid virus-inactivation capabilities, lignosulfonates may be useful for the prevention or treatment of virally induced oral diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:24:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cc94e9e775524ca7b4005a15ae963dce |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6320 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:24:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-cc94e9e775524ca7b4005a15ae963dce2023-11-22T19:05:31ZengMDPI AGMedicines2305-63202021-10-018105610.3390/medicines8100056Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex VirusesKunihiko Fukuchi0Takuro Koshikawa1Daisuke Asai2Megumi Inomata3Hiroshi Sakagami4Hiromu Takemura5Taisei Kanamoto6Hikaru Aimi7Yuji Kikkawa8Graduate School of Health Sciences, Showa University, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, JapanDepartment of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, JapanDepartment of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, JapanDivision of Microbiology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Keyakidai 1-1, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, JapanResearch Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Meikai University, Keyakidai 1-1, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, JapanDepartment of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae, Kawasaki 216-8511, JapanLaboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, JapanResearch Laboratory, Research and Development Division, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., 5-21-1 Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, JapanChemical Sales Department II, Chemical Sales Division, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., 4-6 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan<b>Background:</b> Very few studies of the antiviral potential of lignosulfonates have been published. With the aim of oral application, among various groups of natural products, the relative antiviral potency of lignosulfonate and its ability to rapidly inactivate viruses were investigated. <b>Methods:</b> As target cells, MT-4 cells in suspension and attached Vero cells were used for infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV). Mock- or virus-infected cells were incubated for 3–5 days with various concentrations of test samples, and the viable cell number was determined with the MTT method. For the shorter exposure experiments, higher titers of HIV or HSV were exposed to test samples for 10 or 3 min, diluted to a normal multiplicity of infection (MOI), and applied to the cells. Antiviral activity was quantified by using the chemotherapy index. <b>Results:</b> In the long-exposure system, lignosulfonates showed comparable anti-HIV activity with those of AZT, ddC, and sulfated polysaccharides, and it exceeded those of hundreds of tannins and flavonoids. When the exposure time was shortened, the chemotherapeutic index of the lignosulfonates for HIV was increased 27-fold. At a physiological pH, lignosulfonate showed higher anti-HIV activity than commercial alkali-lignin, dealkali-lignin, and humic acid, possibly due to the higher solubility and purity. <b>Conclusions:</b> With their rapid virus-inactivation capabilities, lignosulfonates may be useful for the prevention or treatment of virally induced oral diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/8/10/56lignosulfonatesanti-HIVanti-HSVquick inactivation of viruswater solubilityMTT assay |
| spellingShingle | Kunihiko Fukuchi Takuro Koshikawa Daisuke Asai Megumi Inomata Hiroshi Sakagami Hiromu Takemura Taisei Kanamoto Hikaru Aimi Yuji Kikkawa Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses Medicines lignosulfonates anti-HIV anti-HSV quick inactivation of virus water solubility MTT assay |
| title | Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses |
| title_full | Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses |
| title_fullStr | Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses |
| title_short | Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses |
| title_sort | lignosulfonate rapidly inactivates human immunodeficiency and herpes simplex viruses |
| topic | lignosulfonates anti-HIV anti-HSV quick inactivation of virus water solubility MTT assay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/8/10/56 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kunihikofukuchi lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT takurokoshikawa lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT daisukeasai lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT megumiinomata lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT hiroshisakagami lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT hiromutakemura lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT taiseikanamoto lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT hikaruaimi lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses AT yujikikkawa lignosulfonaterapidlyinactivateshumanimmunodeficiencyandherpessimplexviruses |