Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru)
The purpose of this study was to determine PM2.5 mass concentration and the contents of trace elements and water-soluble ions in samples collected inside the Metropolitan area of Huancayo. Four monitoring stations were installed at three urban areas (UNCP, HYO, and CHI) and one rural (IGP). The samp...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/1/21 |
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| author | Alex Huamán De La Cruz Yessica Bendezu Roca Luis Suarez-Salas José Pomalaya Daniel Alvarez Tolentino Adriana Gioda |
| author_facet | Alex Huamán De La Cruz Yessica Bendezu Roca Luis Suarez-Salas José Pomalaya Daniel Alvarez Tolentino Adriana Gioda |
| author_sort | Alex Huamán De La Cruz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The purpose of this study was to determine PM2.5 mass concentration and the contents of trace elements and water-soluble ions in samples collected inside the Metropolitan area of Huancayo. Four monitoring stations were installed at three urban areas (UNCP, HYO, and CHI) and one rural (IGP). The sampling campaign was carried out from March 2017 to November 2017. The PM2.5 content was determined by gravimetric method, and fifteen trace elements (TE) and seven water-soluble ions were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Datasets were assessed by one ANOVA test to detect significant differences among monitoring station. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied for source identification. The mean annual concentration of PM2.5 mass concentrations has ranged (average) from 3.4 to 36.8 µg/m3 (16.6 ± 6.8 µg/m3) for the monitoring stations under study. The annual World Health Organization thresholds and national air quality standards were exceeded. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between most trace elements at urban and rural areas. PCA and HCA illustrated that the most important sources of traces element originated of natural origin (soil re-suspension) and vehicular sources (fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicles tires, wear car components). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:12:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ccac8b71d81849959eb96ab5257ed8c6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:12:51Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-ccac8b71d81849959eb96ab5257ed8c62022-12-22T02:54:55ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332019-01-011012110.3390/atmos10010021atmos10010021Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru)Alex Huamán De La Cruz0Yessica Bendezu Roca1Luis Suarez-Salas2José Pomalaya3Daniel Alvarez Tolentino4Adriana Gioda5Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla N° 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, PeruFacultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla N° 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, PeruInstituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Calle Badajoz 169, Ate, Lima 15498, PeruFacultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla N° 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, PeruInstituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Calle Badajoz 169, Ate, Lima 15498, PeruDepartment of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 20000, BrazilThe purpose of this study was to determine PM2.5 mass concentration and the contents of trace elements and water-soluble ions in samples collected inside the Metropolitan area of Huancayo. Four monitoring stations were installed at three urban areas (UNCP, HYO, and CHI) and one rural (IGP). The sampling campaign was carried out from March 2017 to November 2017. The PM2.5 content was determined by gravimetric method, and fifteen trace elements (TE) and seven water-soluble ions were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Datasets were assessed by one ANOVA test to detect significant differences among monitoring station. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied for source identification. The mean annual concentration of PM2.5 mass concentrations has ranged (average) from 3.4 to 36.8 µg/m3 (16.6 ± 6.8 µg/m3) for the monitoring stations under study. The annual World Health Organization thresholds and national air quality standards were exceeded. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between most trace elements at urban and rural areas. PCA and HCA illustrated that the most important sources of traces element originated of natural origin (soil re-suspension) and vehicular sources (fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicles tires, wear car components).http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/1/21PM2.5trace elementswater-soluble ionsHCAPCA |
| spellingShingle | Alex Huamán De La Cruz Yessica Bendezu Roca Luis Suarez-Salas José Pomalaya Daniel Alvarez Tolentino Adriana Gioda Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru) Atmosphere PM2.5 trace elements water-soluble ions HCA PCA |
| title | Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru) |
| title_full | Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru) |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru) |
| title_short | Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 at Rural and Urban Sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru) |
| title_sort | chemical characterization of pm2 5 at rural and urban sites around the metropolitan area of huancayo central andes of peru |
| topic | PM2.5 trace elements water-soluble ions HCA PCA |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/1/21 |
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