A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment
<i>Sambucus nigra</i> flowers, known as elderberry flowers (EBF), are a plant tissue rich in polyphenolic phytochemicals with important bioactivities. However, there are few studies dealing with the production of polyphenol-containing EBF extracts. The objective of the investigation pres...
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2020-02-01
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author | Olga Kaltsa Achillia Lakka Spyros Grigorakis Ioanna Karageorgou Georgia Batra Eleni Bozinou Stavros Lalas Dimitris P. Makris |
author_facet | Olga Kaltsa Achillia Lakka Spyros Grigorakis Ioanna Karageorgou Georgia Batra Eleni Bozinou Stavros Lalas Dimitris P. Makris |
author_sort | Olga Kaltsa |
collection | DOAJ |
description | <i>Sambucus nigra</i> flowers, known as elderberry flowers (EBF), are a plant tissue rich in polyphenolic phytochemicals with important bioactivities. However, there are few studies dealing with the production of polyphenol-containing EBF extracts. The objective of the investigation presented herein was the development of a high-performance green extraction methodology, to generate EBF extracts enriched in polyphenolic substances, using an efficient deep eutectic solvent, combined with ultrasonication pretreatment. The DES was composed of L-lactic acid (hydrogen bond donor—HBD) and glycine (hydrogen bond acceptor—HBA) and, after an initial screening to properly regulate HBD/HBA ratio, the extraction was optimized by deploying response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, which were DES/water (85% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>), liquid-to-solid ratio 60 mL g<sup>−1</sup>, and stirring speed 200 rounds per minute, the extraction yield in total polyphenols amounted to 121.24 ± 8.77 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry matter. The integration of ultrasonication prior to the batch stirred-tank extraction boosted polyphenol recovery of up to 174.73 ± 2.62 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry matter. Liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis showed that the richest EBF extract obtained was dominated by rutin, a di-p-coumaroylquic acid and chlorogenic acid. |
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spelling | doaj.art-ccb724172da44c8794c2da07850014732022-12-22T00:54:47ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-02-0125492110.3390/molecules25040921molecules25040921A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted PretreatmentOlga Kaltsa0Achillia Lakka1Spyros Grigorakis2Ioanna Karageorgou3Georgia Batra4Eleni Bozinou5Stavros Lalas6Dimitris P. Makris7Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceFood Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, GreeceDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceDepartment of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece<i>Sambucus nigra</i> flowers, known as elderberry flowers (EBF), are a plant tissue rich in polyphenolic phytochemicals with important bioactivities. However, there are few studies dealing with the production of polyphenol-containing EBF extracts. The objective of the investigation presented herein was the development of a high-performance green extraction methodology, to generate EBF extracts enriched in polyphenolic substances, using an efficient deep eutectic solvent, combined with ultrasonication pretreatment. The DES was composed of L-lactic acid (hydrogen bond donor—HBD) and glycine (hydrogen bond acceptor—HBA) and, after an initial screening to properly regulate HBD/HBA ratio, the extraction was optimized by deploying response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, which were DES/water (85% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>), liquid-to-solid ratio 60 mL g<sup>−1</sup>, and stirring speed 200 rounds per minute, the extraction yield in total polyphenols amounted to 121.24 ± 8.77 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry matter. The integration of ultrasonication prior to the batch stirred-tank extraction boosted polyphenol recovery of up to 174.73 ± 2.62 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry matter. Liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis showed that the richest EBF extract obtained was dominated by rutin, a di-p-coumaroylquic acid and chlorogenic acid.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/4/921deep eutectic solventselderberry flowersextractionpolyphenols<i>sambucus nigra</i>ultrasonication |
spellingShingle | Olga Kaltsa Achillia Lakka Spyros Grigorakis Ioanna Karageorgou Georgia Batra Eleni Bozinou Stavros Lalas Dimitris P. Makris A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment Molecules deep eutectic solvents elderberry flowers extraction polyphenols <i>sambucus nigra</i> ultrasonication |
title | A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment |
title_full | A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment |
title_fullStr | A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment |
title_full_unstemmed | A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment |
title_short | A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment |
title_sort | green extraction process for polyphenols from elderberry i sambucus nigra i flowers using deep eutectic solvent and ultrasound assisted pretreatment |
topic | deep eutectic solvents elderberry flowers extraction polyphenols <i>sambucus nigra</i> ultrasonication |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/4/921 |
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