Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research
Abstract Backgrounds The majority of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are modifiable. Continuous monitoring and control of these factors could significantly reduce the risk of CVDs-related morbidity and mortality. This study estimated the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in Indon...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2022-04-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13104-0 |
| _version_ | 1811290424896126976 |
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| author | Dian Sidik Arsyad Jan Westerink Maarten J. Cramer Jumriani Ansar Wahiduddin Frank L. J. Visseren Pieter A. Doevendans Ansariadi |
| author_facet | Dian Sidik Arsyad Jan Westerink Maarten J. Cramer Jumriani Ansar Wahiduddin Frank L. J. Visseren Pieter A. Doevendans Ansariadi |
| author_sort | Dian Sidik Arsyad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Backgrounds The majority of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are modifiable. Continuous monitoring and control of these factors could significantly reduce the risk of CVDs-related morbidity and mortality. This study estimated the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in Indonesia and its co-occurence of multiple risk factors stratified by prior CVDs diagnosis status and sex. Methods Adult participants (> 15 years, N = 36,329, 57% women) with median age of 40 years were selected from a nationwide Indonesian cross-sectional study called Basic Health Research or Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) conducted in 2018. Thirteen risk factors were identified from the study, including smoking, a high-risk diet, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high waist circumference (WC), a high waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, a high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios stratified by CVDs status and sex were calculated using Poisson regression with the robust covariance estimator. Results CVDs were found in 3% of the study population. Risk factor prevalence in the overall population ranged from 5.7 to 96.5% for diabetes and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption respectively. Smoking, a high-risk food diet, and a low HDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in men, whereas a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high WC, a high WtHR, hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, and a high LDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in women. Approximately 22% of men and 18% of women had at least 4 risk factors, and these proportions were higher in participants with prior CVDs diagnosis. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors in the Indonesian adult population. Sex, age, and the presence of CVD are major determinants of the variations in risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors, which are often inter-related, requires a comprehensive approach through health promotion, lifestyle modification and patient education. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T04:12:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ccc3aaddbd2f4978b0c86ef803dd30d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T04:12:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-ccc3aaddbd2f4978b0c86ef803dd30d82022-12-22T03:03:04ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582022-04-0122111110.1186/s12889-022-13104-0Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health ResearchDian Sidik Arsyad0Jan Westerink1Maarten J. Cramer2Jumriani Ansar3Wahiduddin4Frank L. J. Visseren5Pieter A. Doevendans6Ansariadi7Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of UtrechtDepartment of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center UtrechtDepartment of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of UtrechtDepartment of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin UniversityDepartment of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center UtrechtDepartment of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of UtrechtDepartment of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin UniversityAbstract Backgrounds The majority of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are modifiable. Continuous monitoring and control of these factors could significantly reduce the risk of CVDs-related morbidity and mortality. This study estimated the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in Indonesia and its co-occurence of multiple risk factors stratified by prior CVDs diagnosis status and sex. Methods Adult participants (> 15 years, N = 36,329, 57% women) with median age of 40 years were selected from a nationwide Indonesian cross-sectional study called Basic Health Research or Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) conducted in 2018. Thirteen risk factors were identified from the study, including smoking, a high-risk diet, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high waist circumference (WC), a high waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, a high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios stratified by CVDs status and sex were calculated using Poisson regression with the robust covariance estimator. Results CVDs were found in 3% of the study population. Risk factor prevalence in the overall population ranged from 5.7 to 96.5% for diabetes and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption respectively. Smoking, a high-risk food diet, and a low HDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in men, whereas a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high WC, a high WtHR, hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, and a high LDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in women. Approximately 22% of men and 18% of women had at least 4 risk factors, and these proportions were higher in participants with prior CVDs diagnosis. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors in the Indonesian adult population. Sex, age, and the presence of CVD are major determinants of the variations in risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors, which are often inter-related, requires a comprehensive approach through health promotion, lifestyle modification and patient education.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13104-0Cardiovascular diseasesEpidemiologyLifestylePrevalencePreventionRisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Dian Sidik Arsyad Jan Westerink Maarten J. Cramer Jumriani Ansar Wahiduddin Frank L. J. Visseren Pieter A. Doevendans Ansariadi Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research BMC Public Health Cardiovascular diseases Epidemiology Lifestyle Prevalence Prevention Risk factors |
| title | Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research |
| title_full | Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research |
| title_fullStr | Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research |
| title_short | Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research |
| title_sort | modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease findings from the indonesian national basic health research |
| topic | Cardiovascular diseases Epidemiology Lifestyle Prevalence Prevention Risk factors |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13104-0 |
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