Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds
Polylactic acid (PLA) has attracted much attention in bone tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility and processability, but it still faces problems such as a slow degradation rate, acidic degradation product, weak biomineralization ability, and poor cell response, which limits its wider a...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/2/198 |
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| author | Wang Guo Wenlang Bu Yufeng Mao Enyu Wang Yanjuan Yang Chao Liu Feng Guo Huaming Mai Hui You Yu Long |
| author_facet | Wang Guo Wenlang Bu Yufeng Mao Enyu Wang Yanjuan Yang Chao Liu Feng Guo Huaming Mai Hui You Yu Long |
| author_sort | Wang Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polylactic acid (PLA) has attracted much attention in bone tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility and processability, but it still faces problems such as a slow degradation rate, acidic degradation product, weak biomineralization ability, and poor cell response, which limits its wider application in developing bone scaffolds. In this study, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were employed as a versatile nanofiller for developing PLA/Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> composite bone scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology, and its mechanical, degradation, and biological properties were evaluated. The mechanical tests revealed that a 5 wt% addition of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> improved the tensile and compressive strengths of the PLA scaffold by 20.50% and 63.97%, respectively. The soaking experiment in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) revealed that the alkaline degradation products of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> neutralized the acidic degradation products of PLA, thus accelerating the degradation of PLA. The weight loss rate of the PLA/20Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> scaffold (15.40%) was significantly higher than that of PLA (0.15%) on day 28. Meanwhile, the composite scaffolds showed long-term Mg<sup>2+</sup> release for more than 28 days. The simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion experiment indicated that Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> promoted the deposition of apatite and improved the biomineralization of PLA scaffolds. The cell culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) indicated that adding 5 wt% Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> effectively improved cell responses, including adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, due to the release of Mg<sup>2+</sup>. This study suggests that Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> can simultaneously address various issues related to polymer scaffolds, including degradation, mechanical properties, and cell interaction, having promising applications in tissue engineering. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:37:51Z |
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| id | doaj.art-ccc83187cea445aabba3c19fd27203d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:37:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-ccc83187cea445aabba3c19fd27203d32024-01-26T18:13:21ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602024-01-0116219810.3390/polym16020198Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone ScaffoldsWang Guo0Wenlang Bu1Yufeng Mao2Enyu Wang3Yanjuan Yang4Chao Liu5Feng Guo6Huaming Mai7Hui You8Yu Long9State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, ChinaPolylactic acid (PLA) has attracted much attention in bone tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility and processability, but it still faces problems such as a slow degradation rate, acidic degradation product, weak biomineralization ability, and poor cell response, which limits its wider application in developing bone scaffolds. In this study, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were employed as a versatile nanofiller for developing PLA/Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> composite bone scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology, and its mechanical, degradation, and biological properties were evaluated. The mechanical tests revealed that a 5 wt% addition of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> improved the tensile and compressive strengths of the PLA scaffold by 20.50% and 63.97%, respectively. The soaking experiment in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) revealed that the alkaline degradation products of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> neutralized the acidic degradation products of PLA, thus accelerating the degradation of PLA. The weight loss rate of the PLA/20Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> scaffold (15.40%) was significantly higher than that of PLA (0.15%) on day 28. Meanwhile, the composite scaffolds showed long-term Mg<sup>2+</sup> release for more than 28 days. The simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion experiment indicated that Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> promoted the deposition of apatite and improved the biomineralization of PLA scaffolds. The cell culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) indicated that adding 5 wt% Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> effectively improved cell responses, including adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, due to the release of Mg<sup>2+</sup>. This study suggests that Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> can simultaneously address various issues related to polymer scaffolds, including degradation, mechanical properties, and cell interaction, having promising applications in tissue engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/2/198fused deposition modeling (FDM)magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>)polylactic acid (PLA)bone scaffolddegradation propertiesbiological properties |
| spellingShingle | Wang Guo Wenlang Bu Yufeng Mao Enyu Wang Yanjuan Yang Chao Liu Feng Guo Huaming Mai Hui You Yu Long Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds Polymers fused deposition modeling (FDM) magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>) polylactic acid (PLA) bone scaffold degradation properties biological properties |
| title | Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds |
| title_full | Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds |
| title_fullStr | Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds |
| title_short | Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds |
| title_sort | magnesium hydroxide as a versatile nanofiller for 3d printed pla bone scaffolds |
| topic | fused deposition modeling (FDM) magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>) polylactic acid (PLA) bone scaffold degradation properties biological properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/2/198 |
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