Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders
Immunization against influenza through vaccination is the most effective method with which to prevent infection. To assess protection after immunization, analysing humoral response with a hemagglutinin inhibition assay is the gold standard, but cell-mediated immune response has been shown to better...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/303 |
| _version_ | 1797239125011595264 |
|---|---|
| author | Hanna Carlsson Lars Brudin Lena Serrander Jorma Hinkula Ivar Tjernberg |
| author_facet | Hanna Carlsson Lars Brudin Lena Serrander Jorma Hinkula Ivar Tjernberg |
| author_sort | Hanna Carlsson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immunization against influenza through vaccination is the most effective method with which to prevent infection. To assess protection after immunization, analysing humoral response with a hemagglutinin inhibition assay is the gold standard, but cell-mediated immune response has been shown to better correlate with protection in the elderly. Our aim was to explore the influenza-specific cell-mediated and mucosal humoral responses in serologically defined responders and non-responders. We analysed sera for total immunoglobulins (Ig) A, G, and M and nasal swab samples for influenza-specific IgA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with trivalent influenza vaccine VaxiGripTetra, and supernatants were analysed for influenza-specific responses with the Olink Immune-Oncology panel using a proximity extension assay. We included 73 individuals, of which 69 completed the study with follow-up sampling at one and six months post-vaccination. Of the 73, 51 (70%) were found to be serological responders and 22 (30%) were non-responders. We did not find any significant differences in sex or mucosal humoral response between responders and non-responders; however, a higher IFNγ/IL-10 ratio in individuals ≤65 years of age indicates an enhanced cell-mediated immune response in this age group. Characteristics of the non-responders were found to be higher levels of IgM, Granzyme B and Interleukin 12, and lower levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 compared with those of the responders. In conclusion, our results did not show any correlation between serological response and age. Furthermore, the majority of influenza-specific cell-mediated immune markers did not differ between responders and non-responders; the immune marker profile of the non-responders and its contribution to protection is of interest but needs to be further explored. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:46:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cccb770d38d24f12950841a9c7374f6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:46:33Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-cccb770d38d24f12950841a9c7374f6b2024-03-27T14:07:05ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-03-0112330310.3390/vaccines12030303Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-RespondersHanna Carlsson0Lars Brudin1Lena Serrander2Jorma Hinkula3Ivar Tjernberg4Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, 39244 Kalmar, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Region Östergötland, 58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, 39244 Kalmar, SwedenImmunization against influenza through vaccination is the most effective method with which to prevent infection. To assess protection after immunization, analysing humoral response with a hemagglutinin inhibition assay is the gold standard, but cell-mediated immune response has been shown to better correlate with protection in the elderly. Our aim was to explore the influenza-specific cell-mediated and mucosal humoral responses in serologically defined responders and non-responders. We analysed sera for total immunoglobulins (Ig) A, G, and M and nasal swab samples for influenza-specific IgA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with trivalent influenza vaccine VaxiGripTetra, and supernatants were analysed for influenza-specific responses with the Olink Immune-Oncology panel using a proximity extension assay. We included 73 individuals, of which 69 completed the study with follow-up sampling at one and six months post-vaccination. Of the 73, 51 (70%) were found to be serological responders and 22 (30%) were non-responders. We did not find any significant differences in sex or mucosal humoral response between responders and non-responders; however, a higher IFNγ/IL-10 ratio in individuals ≤65 years of age indicates an enhanced cell-mediated immune response in this age group. Characteristics of the non-responders were found to be higher levels of IgM, Granzyme B and Interleukin 12, and lower levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 compared with those of the responders. In conclusion, our results did not show any correlation between serological response and age. Furthermore, the majority of influenza-specific cell-mediated immune markers did not differ between responders and non-responders; the immune marker profile of the non-responders and its contribution to protection is of interest but needs to be further explored.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/303immunizationinfluenzavaccinationimmune responsecellular immune responsehumoral immune response |
| spellingShingle | Hanna Carlsson Lars Brudin Lena Serrander Jorma Hinkula Ivar Tjernberg Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders Vaccines immunization influenza vaccination immune response cellular immune response humoral immune response |
| title | Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders |
| title_full | Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders |
| title_fullStr | Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders |
| title_short | Cell-Mediated Proteomics, and Serological and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses after Seasonal Influenza Immunization: Characterization of Serological Responders and Non-Responders |
| title_sort | cell mediated proteomics and serological and mucosal humoral immune responses after seasonal influenza immunization characterization of serological responders and non responders |
| topic | immunization influenza vaccination immune response cellular immune response humoral immune response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/303 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hannacarlsson cellmediatedproteomicsandserologicalandmucosalhumoralimmuneresponsesafterseasonalinfluenzaimmunizationcharacterizationofserologicalrespondersandnonresponders AT larsbrudin cellmediatedproteomicsandserologicalandmucosalhumoralimmuneresponsesafterseasonalinfluenzaimmunizationcharacterizationofserologicalrespondersandnonresponders AT lenaserrander cellmediatedproteomicsandserologicalandmucosalhumoralimmuneresponsesafterseasonalinfluenzaimmunizationcharacterizationofserologicalrespondersandnonresponders AT jormahinkula cellmediatedproteomicsandserologicalandmucosalhumoralimmuneresponsesafterseasonalinfluenzaimmunizationcharacterizationofserologicalrespondersandnonresponders AT ivartjernberg cellmediatedproteomicsandserologicalandmucosalhumoralimmuneresponsesafterseasonalinfluenzaimmunizationcharacterizationofserologicalrespondersandnonresponders |