Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are formed when there is an abnormal increase in the level of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or by the uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The presence of high concentrations of superoxide anions (O<sub&...
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/11/2555 |
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| author | Israel Pérez-Torres Linaloe Manzano-Pech María Esther Rubio-Ruíz María Elena Soto Verónica Guarner-Lans |
| author_facet | Israel Pérez-Torres Linaloe Manzano-Pech María Esther Rubio-Ruíz María Elena Soto Verónica Guarner-Lans |
| author_sort | Israel Pérez-Torres |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are formed when there is an abnormal increase in the level of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or by the uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The presence of high concentrations of superoxide anions (O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) is also necessary for their formation. RNS react three times faster than O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> with other molecules and have a longer mean half life. They cause irreversible damage to cell membranes, proteins, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleic acids and enzymes, altering their activity and leading to necrosis and to cell death. Although nitrogen species are important in the redox imbalance, this review focuses on the alterations caused by the RNS in the cellular redox system that are associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Currently, nitrosative stress (NSS) is implied in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The mechanisms that produce damage remain poorly understood. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the participation of NSS in the pathology of cardiometabolic diseases and their possible mechanisms of action. This information might be useful for the future proposal of anti-NSS therapies for cardiometabolic diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:29:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ccd2626a03b64ac1bfba52278c9d3109 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:29:05Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-ccd2626a03b64ac1bfba52278c9d31092023-11-20T02:20:44ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-05-012511255510.3390/molecules25112555Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic DisordersIsrael Pérez-Torres0Linaloe Manzano-Pech1María Esther Rubio-Ruíz2María Elena Soto3Verónica Guarner-Lans4Vascular Biomedicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, MexicoVascular Biomedicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, MexicoPhysiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, MexicoImmunology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, MexicoPhysiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, MexicoReactive nitrogen species (RNS) are formed when there is an abnormal increase in the level of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or by the uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The presence of high concentrations of superoxide anions (O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) is also necessary for their formation. RNS react three times faster than O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> with other molecules and have a longer mean half life. They cause irreversible damage to cell membranes, proteins, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleic acids and enzymes, altering their activity and leading to necrosis and to cell death. Although nitrogen species are important in the redox imbalance, this review focuses on the alterations caused by the RNS in the cellular redox system that are associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Currently, nitrosative stress (NSS) is implied in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The mechanisms that produce damage remain poorly understood. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the participation of NSS in the pathology of cardiometabolic diseases and their possible mechanisms of action. This information might be useful for the future proposal of anti-NSS therapies for cardiometabolic diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/11/2555nitric oxideperoxynitritenitrosative stressuncoupled NOS isoforms |
| spellingShingle | Israel Pérez-Torres Linaloe Manzano-Pech María Esther Rubio-Ruíz María Elena Soto Verónica Guarner-Lans Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders Molecules nitric oxide peroxynitrite nitrosative stress uncoupled NOS isoforms |
| title | Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders |
| title_full | Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders |
| title_short | Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders |
| title_sort | nitrosative stress and its association with cardiometabolic disorders |
| topic | nitric oxide peroxynitrite nitrosative stress uncoupled NOS isoforms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/11/2555 |
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