| Summary: | The Western honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) is one of the most widespread insects with numerous subspecies in its native range. How far adaptation to local habitats has affected the cognitive skills of the different subspecies is an intriguing question that we investigate in this study. Naturally mated queens of the following five subspecies from different parts of Europe were transferred to Southern Germany: <i>A. m. iberiensis</i> from Portugal, <i>A. m. mellifera</i> from Belgium, <i>A. m. macedonica</i> from Greece, <i>A. m. ligustica</i> from Italy, and <i>A. m. ruttneri</i> from Malta. We also included the local subspecies <i>A. m. carnica</i> in our study. New colonies were built up in a common apiary where the respective queens were introduced. Worker offspring from the different subspecies were compared in classical olfactory learning performance using the proboscis extension response. Prior to conditioning, we measured individual sucrose responsiveness to investigate whether possible differences in learning performances were due to differential responsiveness to the sugar water reward. Most subspecies did not differ in their appetitive learning performance. However, foragers of the Iberian honeybee, <i>A. m. iberiensis</i>, performed significantly more poorly, despite having a similar sucrose responsiveness. We discuss possible causes for the poor performance of the Iberian honeybees, which may have been shaped by adaptation to the local habitat.
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