Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is responsible for 1.4 to 4.3 million cases with about 21,000–143,000 deaths per year. Dominance of O1 and O139 serogroups, classical and El tor biotypes, alterations in CTX phages and the pathogenicity Islands are some of the major features of V. cholerae isolates that are...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00203/full |
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| author | Thandavarayan Ramamurthy Ankur Mutreja Ankur Mutreja François-Xavier Weill Bhabatosh Das Amit Ghosh Gopinath Balakrish Nair |
| author_facet | Thandavarayan Ramamurthy Ankur Mutreja Ankur Mutreja François-Xavier Weill Bhabatosh Das Amit Ghosh Gopinath Balakrish Nair |
| author_sort | Thandavarayan Ramamurthy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is responsible for 1.4 to 4.3 million cases with about 21,000–143,000 deaths per year. Dominance of O1 and O139 serogroups, classical and El tor biotypes, alterations in CTX phages and the pathogenicity Islands are some of the major features of V. cholerae isolates that are responsible for cholera epidemics. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other infrequent genetic variants provide a robust phylogenetic framework. Recent studies on the global transmission of pandemic V. cholerae O1 strains have shown the existence of eight different phyletic lineages. In these, the classical and El Tor biotype strains were separated as two distinctly evolved lineages. The frequency of SNP accumulation and the temporal and geographical distribution supports the perception that the seventh cholera pandemic (7CP) has spread from the Bay of Bengal region in three independent but overlapping waves. The 2010 Haitian outbreak shared a common ancestor with South-Asian wave-3 strains. In West Africa and East/Southern Africa, cholera epidemics are caused by single expanded lineage, which has been introduced several times since 1970. The Latin American epidemics that occurred in 1991 and 2010 were the result of introductions of two 7CP sublineages. Sublineages representing wave-3 have caused huge outbreaks in Haiti and Yemen. The Ogawa-Inaba serotype switchover in several cholera epidemics are believed to be due to the involvement of certain selection mechanism(s) rather than due to random events. V. cholerae O139 serogroup is phylogenetically related to the 7CP El Tor, and almost all these isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type-69. Additional phenotypic and genotypic information have been generated to understand the pathogenicity of classical and El Tor vibrios. Presence of integrative conjugative elements (ICE) with antibiotic resistance gene cassettes, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein system and ctxAB promoter based ToxRS expression of cholera toxin (CT) separates classical and El Tor biotypes. With the availability of WGS information, several important applications including, molecular typing, antimicrobial resistance, new diagnostics, and vaccination strategies could be generated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T22:26:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cd1cff9a061f4fb09d21ccca8c36d058 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T22:26:17Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-cd1cff9a061f4fb09d21ccca8c36d0582022-12-22T00:09:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652019-07-01710.3389/fpubh.2019.00203451873Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio choleraeThandavarayan Ramamurthy0Ankur Mutreja1Ankur Mutreja2François-Xavier Weill3Bhabatosh Das4Amit Ghosh5Gopinath Balakrish Nair6Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, IndiaCentre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, IndiaDepartment of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United KingdomUnité des Bactéries, Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceCentre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, IndiaDepartment of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, IndiaRajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, IndiaToxigenic Vibrio cholerae is responsible for 1.4 to 4.3 million cases with about 21,000–143,000 deaths per year. Dominance of O1 and O139 serogroups, classical and El tor biotypes, alterations in CTX phages and the pathogenicity Islands are some of the major features of V. cholerae isolates that are responsible for cholera epidemics. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other infrequent genetic variants provide a robust phylogenetic framework. Recent studies on the global transmission of pandemic V. cholerae O1 strains have shown the existence of eight different phyletic lineages. In these, the classical and El Tor biotype strains were separated as two distinctly evolved lineages. The frequency of SNP accumulation and the temporal and geographical distribution supports the perception that the seventh cholera pandemic (7CP) has spread from the Bay of Bengal region in three independent but overlapping waves. The 2010 Haitian outbreak shared a common ancestor with South-Asian wave-3 strains. In West Africa and East/Southern Africa, cholera epidemics are caused by single expanded lineage, which has been introduced several times since 1970. The Latin American epidemics that occurred in 1991 and 2010 were the result of introductions of two 7CP sublineages. Sublineages representing wave-3 have caused huge outbreaks in Haiti and Yemen. The Ogawa-Inaba serotype switchover in several cholera epidemics are believed to be due to the involvement of certain selection mechanism(s) rather than due to random events. V. cholerae O139 serogroup is phylogenetically related to the 7CP El Tor, and almost all these isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type-69. Additional phenotypic and genotypic information have been generated to understand the pathogenicity of classical and El Tor vibrios. Presence of integrative conjugative elements (ICE) with antibiotic resistance gene cassettes, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein system and ctxAB promoter based ToxRS expression of cholera toxin (CT) separates classical and El Tor biotypes. With the availability of WGS information, several important applications including, molecular typing, antimicrobial resistance, new diagnostics, and vaccination strategies could be generated.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00203/fullVibrio choleraeseventh cholera pandemicsingle nucleotide polymorphismwhole-genome sequenceCTX phageCT-genotype |
| spellingShingle | Thandavarayan Ramamurthy Ankur Mutreja Ankur Mutreja François-Xavier Weill Bhabatosh Das Amit Ghosh Gopinath Balakrish Nair Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae Frontiers in Public Health Vibrio cholerae seventh cholera pandemic single nucleotide polymorphism whole-genome sequence CTX phage CT-genotype |
| title | Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae |
| title_full | Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae |
| title_fullStr | Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae |
| title_full_unstemmed | Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae |
| title_short | Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae |
| title_sort | revisiting the global epidemiology of cholera in conjunction with the genomics of vibrio cholerae |
| topic | Vibrio cholerae seventh cholera pandemic single nucleotide polymorphism whole-genome sequence CTX phage CT-genotype |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00203/full |
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