Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp
The fruit and pericarp of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> (ZS) have been used in traditional medicine; however, few studies have characterized ZS fruit and pericarp. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the safety of ZS fruit (ZSF) and pericarp (ZSP) extracts and compared their...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/19/5919 |
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| author | Jun Gu Kim Jae Jung Lim Ji Sang You Hyeok Jun Kwon Heung Bin Lim |
| author_facet | Jun Gu Kim Jae Jung Lim Ji Sang You Hyeok Jun Kwon Heung Bin Lim |
| author_sort | Jun Gu Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The fruit and pericarp of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> (ZS) have been used in traditional medicine; however, few studies have characterized ZS fruit and pericarp. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the safety of ZS fruit (ZSF) and pericarp (ZSP) extracts and compared their bioactivity. To evaluate the safety of ZSF and ZSP, mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress assays were performed and nontoxic concentration ranges were obtained. ZSP was found to be superior to ZSF in terms of its antimutagenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the S9 mix, the mutation inhibition rate of ZSP was close to 100% at concentrations exceeding 625 µg·plate<sup>−1</sup> for both the TA98 and TA100 strains. ZSP exhibited efficient DPPH (IC<sub>50</sub> = 75.6 ± 6.1 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) and ABTS (IC<sub>50</sub> = 57.4 ± 6 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) scavenging activities. ZSP inhibited the release of cytokines, involved in IL-1β (IC<sub>50</sub> = 134.4 ± 7.8), IL-6 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 262.8 ± 11.2), and TNF-α (IC<sub>50</sub> = 223.8 ± 5.8). These results indicate that ZSP contains a higher amount of biochemicals than ZSF, or that ZSP contains unique biochemicals. In conclusion, for certain physiological activities, the use of ZSP alone may be more beneficial than the combined use of ZSF and ZSP. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:54:27Z |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:54:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-cd232ab99e524b889de5dcfc86eab1ee2023-11-22T16:34:36ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-09-012619591910.3390/molecules26195919Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and PericarpJun Gu Kim0Jae Jung Lim1Ji Sang You2Hyeok Jun Kwon3Heung Bin Lim4Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaDepartment of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaDepartment of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaDepartment of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaDepartment of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaThe fruit and pericarp of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> (ZS) have been used in traditional medicine; however, few studies have characterized ZS fruit and pericarp. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the safety of ZS fruit (ZSF) and pericarp (ZSP) extracts and compared their bioactivity. To evaluate the safety of ZSF and ZSP, mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress assays were performed and nontoxic concentration ranges were obtained. ZSP was found to be superior to ZSF in terms of its antimutagenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the S9 mix, the mutation inhibition rate of ZSP was close to 100% at concentrations exceeding 625 µg·plate<sup>−1</sup> for both the TA98 and TA100 strains. ZSP exhibited efficient DPPH (IC<sub>50</sub> = 75.6 ± 6.1 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) and ABTS (IC<sub>50</sub> = 57.4 ± 6 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) scavenging activities. ZSP inhibited the release of cytokines, involved in IL-1β (IC<sub>50</sub> = 134.4 ± 7.8), IL-6 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 262.8 ± 11.2), and TNF-α (IC<sub>50</sub> = 223.8 ± 5.8). These results indicate that ZSP contains a higher amount of biochemicals than ZSF, or that ZSP contains unique biochemicals. In conclusion, for certain physiological activities, the use of ZSP alone may be more beneficial than the combined use of ZSF and ZSP.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/19/5919<i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i>fruitpericarpsafety evaluationantimutagenic activityantioxidant activity |
| spellingShingle | Jun Gu Kim Jae Jung Lim Ji Sang You Hyeok Jun Kwon Heung Bin Lim Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp Molecules <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> fruit pericarp safety evaluation antimutagenic activity antioxidant activity |
| title | Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp |
| title_full | Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp |
| title_short | Comparative Study of Bioactivity and Safety Evaluation of Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> Fruit and Pericarp |
| title_sort | comparative study of bioactivity and safety evaluation of ethanolic extracts of i zanthoxylum schinifolium i fruit and pericarp |
| topic | <i>Zanthoxylum schinifolium</i> fruit pericarp safety evaluation antimutagenic activity antioxidant activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/19/5919 |
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