Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America
Alternating glacial and interglacial periods during the Quaternary have dramatically affected the distribution and population genetic structure of plant and animal species throughout the northern hemisphere. Surprisingly, little is known about the post-glacial recolonization history of wetland herba...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.00648/full |
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| author | Seon-Hee Kim Myong-Suk Cho Pan Li Seung-Chul Kim |
| author_facet | Seon-Hee Kim Myong-Suk Cho Pan Li Seung-Chul Kim |
| author_sort | Seon-Hee Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alternating glacial and interglacial periods during the Quaternary have dramatically affected the distribution and population genetic structure of plant and animal species throughout the northern hemisphere. Surprisingly, little is known about the post-glacial recolonization history of wetland herbaceous perennials that are widely distributed in the understory of deciduous or mixed deciduous-evergreen forests in eastern North America. In this study, we investigated infraspecific variation among 32 populations of skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, to test the hypothesis that the extant species diversity of skunk cabbage is the result of a post-glacial range expansion from southern refugia during the Quaternary Ice Age. A total of 4041 base pairs (bp) of the chloroplast intergenic spacer region (cpDNA) was sequenced from 485 individuals sampled from glaciated (18 populations, 275 individuals) and unglaciated (14 populations, 210 individuals) regions east and west of the Appalachian Mountains. Haplotype number, haplotype diversity, and nucleotide diversity were calculated, and genetic variation within and among populations was assessed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The geographic pattern of genetic differentiation was further investigated with a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). A total of eight haplotypes and three genetic groups (SAMOVA) were recovered and a much higher haplotype number (eight haplotypes) and haplotype diversity (0.7425) was observed in unglaciated compared to glaciated populations (five haplotypes, haplotype diversity = 0.6099). All haplotypes found in glaciated regions represented a subset of haplotypes found in unglaciated regions. Haplotypes of S. foetidus likely diverged during the Tertiary (mid-Miocene and late Pliocene), predating the last glacial maximum (LGM). Predictions based on ecological niche modeling (ENM) suggested that there was considerably less suitable habitat for skunk cabbage during the LGM, and the habitat range was further south compared to the current distribution. Reduced variation and a subset of haplotypes in glaciated regions suggest a founder effect associated with range expansion via long-distance seed dispersal. Our results do not support the “Driftless Area” scenario for the northern refugium, rather the data suggest a “Northeastern” refugium near the southernmost extent of the LGM. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T13:51:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cd322dbe99244129ae5e89256b46cc50 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T13:51:10Z |
| publishDate | 2018-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-cd322dbe99244129ae5e89256b46cc502022-12-22T01:04:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2018-05-01910.3389/fpls.2018.00648324806Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North AmericaSeon-Hee Kim0Myong-Suk Cho1Pan Li2Seung-Chul Kim3Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South KoreaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South KoreaKey Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South KoreaAlternating glacial and interglacial periods during the Quaternary have dramatically affected the distribution and population genetic structure of plant and animal species throughout the northern hemisphere. Surprisingly, little is known about the post-glacial recolonization history of wetland herbaceous perennials that are widely distributed in the understory of deciduous or mixed deciduous-evergreen forests in eastern North America. In this study, we investigated infraspecific variation among 32 populations of skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, to test the hypothesis that the extant species diversity of skunk cabbage is the result of a post-glacial range expansion from southern refugia during the Quaternary Ice Age. A total of 4041 base pairs (bp) of the chloroplast intergenic spacer region (cpDNA) was sequenced from 485 individuals sampled from glaciated (18 populations, 275 individuals) and unglaciated (14 populations, 210 individuals) regions east and west of the Appalachian Mountains. Haplotype number, haplotype diversity, and nucleotide diversity were calculated, and genetic variation within and among populations was assessed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The geographic pattern of genetic differentiation was further investigated with a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). A total of eight haplotypes and three genetic groups (SAMOVA) were recovered and a much higher haplotype number (eight haplotypes) and haplotype diversity (0.7425) was observed in unglaciated compared to glaciated populations (five haplotypes, haplotype diversity = 0.6099). All haplotypes found in glaciated regions represented a subset of haplotypes found in unglaciated regions. Haplotypes of S. foetidus likely diverged during the Tertiary (mid-Miocene and late Pliocene), predating the last glacial maximum (LGM). Predictions based on ecological niche modeling (ENM) suggested that there was considerably less suitable habitat for skunk cabbage during the LGM, and the habitat range was further south compared to the current distribution. Reduced variation and a subset of haplotypes in glaciated regions suggest a founder effect associated with range expansion via long-distance seed dispersal. Our results do not support the “Driftless Area” scenario for the northern refugium, rather the data suggest a “Northeastern” refugium near the southernmost extent of the LGM.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.00648/fullAraceaeeastern North Americaecological niche modelingglaciation cyclesphylogeographyskunk cabbage |
| spellingShingle | Seon-Hee Kim Myong-Suk Cho Pan Li Seung-Chul Kim Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America Frontiers in Plant Science Araceae eastern North America ecological niche modeling glaciation cycles phylogeography skunk cabbage |
| title | Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America |
| title_full | Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America |
| title_fullStr | Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America |
| title_short | Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America |
| title_sort | phylogeography and ecological niche modeling reveal reduced genetic diversity and colonization patterns of skunk cabbage symplocarpus foetidus araceae from glacial refugia in eastern north america |
| topic | Araceae eastern North America ecological niche modeling glaciation cycles phylogeography skunk cabbage |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.00648/full |
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