The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro
Despite antivenoms being the only established specific treatment for neuromuscular paralysis arising from snake envenoming, their ability to reverse the post-synaptic neurotoxicity in snake envenoming is poorly understood. We investigated the ability of five commercial antivenoms i.e., King cobra mo...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/4/277 |
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| author | Tam M. Huynh Wayne C. Hodgson Geoffrey K. Isbister Anjana Silva |
| author_facet | Tam M. Huynh Wayne C. Hodgson Geoffrey K. Isbister Anjana Silva |
| author_sort | Tam M. Huynh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite antivenoms being the only established specific treatment for neuromuscular paralysis arising from snake envenoming, their ability to reverse the post-synaptic neurotoxicity in snake envenoming is poorly understood. We investigated the ability of five commercial antivenoms i.e., King cobra monovalent, Thai cobra monovalent, Thai neuro polyvalent, Indian polyvalent and Australian polyvalent antivenoms to reverse neurotoxicity induced by the venoms of King cobra (<i>Ophiophagus hannah</i>, 3 µg/mL), Indian cobra <i>(Naja naja</i>, 5 µg/mL) and Thai cobra (<i>Naja kaouthia</i>, 3 µg/mL) using the in vitro chick-biventer cervicis nerve–muscle preparation. All three venoms displayed post-synaptic neurotoxicity, which was prevented by all tested antivenoms (40 µL/mL) added to the bath prior to venom. All antivenoms partially reversed the established post-synaptic neuromuscular block after the addition of the three venoms during a 180 min observation period, but to varying degrees and at different rates. The neurotoxic effects of <i>O. hannah</i> venom recovered to a greater magnitude (based on twitch height restoration) and faster than the neurotoxicity of <i>N. kaouthia</i> venom, which recovered to a lower magnitude more slowly. The recovery of post-synaptic neurotoxicity by <i>N. naja</i> venom was hindered due to the likely presence of cytotoxins in the venom, which cause direct muscle damage. The observations made in this study provide further evidence that the commercial antivenoms are likely to actively reverse established α-neurotoxin-mediated neuromuscular paralysis in snake envenoming, and there is cross-neutralisation with different antivenoms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:10:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cd439b72236b40f795af12abb85a050e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:10:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-cd439b72236b40f795af12abb85a050e2023-12-03T14:01:59ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-04-0114427710.3390/toxins14040277The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In VitroTam M. Huynh0Wayne C. Hodgson1Geoffrey K. Isbister2Anjana Silva3Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, AustraliaMonash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, AustraliaMonash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, AustraliaMonash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, AustraliaDespite antivenoms being the only established specific treatment for neuromuscular paralysis arising from snake envenoming, their ability to reverse the post-synaptic neurotoxicity in snake envenoming is poorly understood. We investigated the ability of five commercial antivenoms i.e., King cobra monovalent, Thai cobra monovalent, Thai neuro polyvalent, Indian polyvalent and Australian polyvalent antivenoms to reverse neurotoxicity induced by the venoms of King cobra (<i>Ophiophagus hannah</i>, 3 µg/mL), Indian cobra <i>(Naja naja</i>, 5 µg/mL) and Thai cobra (<i>Naja kaouthia</i>, 3 µg/mL) using the in vitro chick-biventer cervicis nerve–muscle preparation. All three venoms displayed post-synaptic neurotoxicity, which was prevented by all tested antivenoms (40 µL/mL) added to the bath prior to venom. All antivenoms partially reversed the established post-synaptic neuromuscular block after the addition of the three venoms during a 180 min observation period, but to varying degrees and at different rates. The neurotoxic effects of <i>O. hannah</i> venom recovered to a greater magnitude (based on twitch height restoration) and faster than the neurotoxicity of <i>N. kaouthia</i> venom, which recovered to a lower magnitude more slowly. The recovery of post-synaptic neurotoxicity by <i>N. naja</i> venom was hindered due to the likely presence of cytotoxins in the venom, which cause direct muscle damage. The observations made in this study provide further evidence that the commercial antivenoms are likely to actively reverse established α-neurotoxin-mediated neuromuscular paralysis in snake envenoming, and there is cross-neutralisation with different antivenoms.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/4/277neurotoxinpostsynapticsnakeantivenomneuromuscularskeletal muscle |
| spellingShingle | Tam M. Huynh Wayne C. Hodgson Geoffrey K. Isbister Anjana Silva The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro Toxins neurotoxin postsynaptic snake antivenom neuromuscular skeletal muscle |
| title | The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro |
| title_full | The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro |
| title_short | The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of <i>O. hannah</i>, <i>N. naja</i> and <i>N. kaouthia</i> Venoms In Vitro |
| title_sort | effect of australian and asian commercial antivenoms in reversing the post synaptic neurotoxicity of i o hannah i i n naja i and i n kaouthia i venoms in vitro |
| topic | neurotoxin postsynaptic snake antivenom neuromuscular skeletal muscle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/4/277 |
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