The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines
Korean ginseng is a source of functional foods and medicines; however, its productivity is hindered by abiotic stress factors, such as light. This study investigated the impacts of darkness and different light wavelengths on the metabolomics and anti-cancer activity of ginseng extracts. Hydroponical...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7768 |
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| author | Nooruddin Bin Sadiq Hyukjoon Kwon Nam Il Park Muhammad Hamayun Je-Hyeong Jung Seung-Hoon Yang Soo-Won Jang Seda Nur Kabadayı Ho-Youn Kim Young-Joo Kim |
| author_facet | Nooruddin Bin Sadiq Hyukjoon Kwon Nam Il Park Muhammad Hamayun Je-Hyeong Jung Seung-Hoon Yang Soo-Won Jang Seda Nur Kabadayı Ho-Youn Kim Young-Joo Kim |
| author_sort | Nooruddin Bin Sadiq |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Korean ginseng is a source of functional foods and medicines; however, its productivity is hindered by abiotic stress factors, such as light. This study investigated the impacts of darkness and different light wavelengths on the metabolomics and anti-cancer activity of ginseng extracts. Hydroponically-grown Korean ginseng was shifted to a light-emitting diodes (LEDs) chamber for blue-LED and darkness treatments, while white fluorescent (FL) light treatment was the control. MCF-7 breast cancer and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells were used to determine chemo-preventive and neuroprotective potential. Overall, 53 significant primary metabolites were detected in the treated samples. The levels of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Re, as well as organic and amino acids, were significantly higher in the dark treatment, followed by blue-LED treatment and the FL control. The dark-treated ginseng extract significantly induced apoptotic signaling in MCF-7 cells and dose-dependently inhibited the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Short-term dark treatment increased the content of Rd, Rc, Rb1, Rb2, and Re ginsenosides in ginseng extracts, which promoted apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. These results indicate that the dark treatment might be effective in improving the pharmacological potential of ginseng. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:18:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cd5179f768144c56ac60f73f441d5c18 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:18:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cd5179f768144c56ac60f73f441d5c182023-11-17T23:00:20ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01249776810.3390/ijms24097768The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell LinesNooruddin Bin Sadiq0Hyukjoon Kwon1Nam Il Park2Muhammad Hamayun3Je-Hyeong Jung4Seung-Hoon Yang5Soo-Won Jang6Seda Nur Kabadayı7Ho-Youn Kim8Young-Joo Kim9Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of KoreaNatural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, PakistanSmart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of KoreaKorean Ginseng Company (KGC), 71 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34337, Republic of KoreaSmart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of KoreaSmart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of KoreaNatural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of KoreaKorean ginseng is a source of functional foods and medicines; however, its productivity is hindered by abiotic stress factors, such as light. This study investigated the impacts of darkness and different light wavelengths on the metabolomics and anti-cancer activity of ginseng extracts. Hydroponically-grown Korean ginseng was shifted to a light-emitting diodes (LEDs) chamber for blue-LED and darkness treatments, while white fluorescent (FL) light treatment was the control. MCF-7 breast cancer and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells were used to determine chemo-preventive and neuroprotective potential. Overall, 53 significant primary metabolites were detected in the treated samples. The levels of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Re, as well as organic and amino acids, were significantly higher in the dark treatment, followed by blue-LED treatment and the FL control. The dark-treated ginseng extract significantly induced apoptotic signaling in MCF-7 cells and dose-dependently inhibited the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Short-term dark treatment increased the content of Rd, Rc, Rb1, Rb2, and Re ginsenosides in ginseng extracts, which promoted apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. These results indicate that the dark treatment might be effective in improving the pharmacological potential of ginseng.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7768<i>Panax ginseng</i>ginsenosidesmetabolomicshydroponicsanti-cancer potentialMCF-7 |
| spellingShingle | Nooruddin Bin Sadiq Hyukjoon Kwon Nam Il Park Muhammad Hamayun Je-Hyeong Jung Seung-Hoon Yang Soo-Won Jang Seda Nur Kabadayı Ho-Youn Kim Young-Joo Kim The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Panax ginseng</i> ginsenosides metabolomics hydroponics anti-cancer potential MCF-7 |
| title | The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines |
| title_full | The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines |
| title_short | The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines |
| title_sort | impact of light wavelength and darkness on metabolite profiling of korean ginseng evaluating its anti cancer potential against mcf 7 and bv 2 cell lines |
| topic | <i>Panax ginseng</i> ginsenosides metabolomics hydroponics anti-cancer potential MCF-7 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7768 |
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