Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management
Watermark, Tensiometer and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) are commonly used soil water sensors in irrigation practice whose performance depends on soil type, depth and growing conditions. Here, the results of sensor performance evaluation in different soil depths as well as the field and laboratory...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2451 |
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| author | Monika Marković Goran Krizmanić Andrija Brkić Atilgan Atilgan Božica Japundžić-Palenkić Davor Petrović Željko Barač |
| author_facet | Monika Marković Goran Krizmanić Andrija Brkić Atilgan Atilgan Božica Japundžić-Palenkić Davor Petrović Željko Barač |
| author_sort | Monika Marković |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Watermark, Tensiometer and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) are commonly used soil water sensors in irrigation practice whose performance depends on soil type, depth and growing conditions. Here, the results of sensor performance evaluation in different soil depths as well as the field and laboratory testing in silty clay loamy soil are presented. Gravimetric soil moisture samples were taken from sensor installation depths (10, 20, 30 and 45 cm) and used as reference Soil Water Content (SWC). The measurements varied significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) across the monitoring depths. On average across the soil depths, there was a strong negative linear relationship between Watermark (r = −0.91) and TDR (r = 0.94), and a moderate negative (r = −0.75) linear relationship between SWC and Tensiometer. In general, Watermark and Tensiometer measured SWC with great accuracy in the range of readily available water, generated larger Mean Difference (MD) than TDR and overestimated SWC, while TDR underestimated SWC. Overall, laboratory testing reduced the root mean square error (RMSE, Watermark = 1.2, Tensiometer = 2.6, TDR = 1.9) and Mean Average Error (MAE, Watermark = 0.9, Tensiometer = 2.04. TDR = 1.04) for all tested sensors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:23:36Z |
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| id | doaj.art-cd529a443c3a4a69b29821eea6ba3381 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:23:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cd529a443c3a4a69b29821eea6ba33812023-11-21T09:50:14ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-03-01116245110.3390/app11062451Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation ManagementMonika Marković0Goran Krizmanić1Andrija Brkić2Atilgan Atilgan3Božica Japundžić-Palenkić4Davor Petrović5Željko Barač6Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Scineces, University of Joisp Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaAgricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaAgricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaFaculty of Agriculture, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32200 Isparta, TurkeyBiotechnical Department, University of Slavonski Brod, 35000 Slavonski Brod, CroatiaFaculty of Agrobiotechnical Scineces, University of Joisp Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaFaculty of Agrobiotechnical Scineces, University of Joisp Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaWatermark, Tensiometer and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) are commonly used soil water sensors in irrigation practice whose performance depends on soil type, depth and growing conditions. Here, the results of sensor performance evaluation in different soil depths as well as the field and laboratory testing in silty clay loamy soil are presented. Gravimetric soil moisture samples were taken from sensor installation depths (10, 20, 30 and 45 cm) and used as reference Soil Water Content (SWC). The measurements varied significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) across the monitoring depths. On average across the soil depths, there was a strong negative linear relationship between Watermark (r = −0.91) and TDR (r = 0.94), and a moderate negative (r = −0.75) linear relationship between SWC and Tensiometer. In general, Watermark and Tensiometer measured SWC with great accuracy in the range of readily available water, generated larger Mean Difference (MD) than TDR and overestimated SWC, while TDR underestimated SWC. Overall, laboratory testing reduced the root mean square error (RMSE, Watermark = 1.2, Tensiometer = 2.6, TDR = 1.9) and Mean Average Error (MAE, Watermark = 0.9, Tensiometer = 2.04. TDR = 1.04) for all tested sensors.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2451sensor performancefield testinglaboratory testingstatistical analysis |
| spellingShingle | Monika Marković Goran Krizmanić Andrija Brkić Atilgan Atilgan Božica Japundžić-Palenkić Davor Petrović Željko Barač Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management Applied Sciences sensor performance field testing laboratory testing statistical analysis |
| title | Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management |
| title_full | Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management |
| title_short | Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Supplementary Irrigation Management |
| title_sort | sustainable management of water resources in supplementary irrigation management |
| topic | sensor performance field testing laboratory testing statistical analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2451 |
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