Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients
Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an enormous challenge to health care systems throughout the world. Without causal treatment, identification of modifiable prognostic factors may help to improve outcomes. To explore possible associations of vitamin...
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2757 |
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author | Aleksandar Radujkovic Theresa Hippchen Shilpa Tiwari-Heckler Saida Dreher Monica Boxberger Uta Merle |
author_facet | Aleksandar Radujkovic Theresa Hippchen Shilpa Tiwari-Heckler Saida Dreher Monica Boxberger Uta Merle |
author_sort | Aleksandar Radujkovic |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an enormous challenge to health care systems throughout the world. Without causal treatment, identification of modifiable prognostic factors may help to improve outcomes. To explore possible associations of vitamin D (VitD) status with disease severity and survival, we studied 185 patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and treated at our center. VitD status at first presentation was assessed retrospectively using accredited laboratory methods. VitD deficiency was defined as serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level < 12 ng/mL (<30 nM). Primary endpoint was severe course of disease (i.e., need for invasive mechanical ventilation and/or death, IMV/D). Within a median observation period of 66 days (range 2–92), 23 patients required IMV. A total of 28 patients had IMV/D, including 16 deaths. Ninety-three (50%) patients required hospitalization (inpatient subgroup). A total of 41 (22%) patients were VitD deficient. When adjusted for age, gender, and comorbidities, VitD deficiency was associated with higher risk of IMV/D and death (HR 6.12, 95% CI 2.79–13.42, <i>p</i> < 0.001 and HR 14.73, 95% CI 4.16–52.19, <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively). Similar correlations were observed in the inpatient subgroup. Our study demonstrates an association between VitD deficiency and severity/mortality of COVID-19, highlighting the need for interventional studies on VitD supplementation in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:26:50Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-cd5673461752404382926acefb9b38a1 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2072-6643 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:26:50Z |
publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Nutrients |
spelling | doaj.art-cd5673461752404382926acefb9b38a12023-11-20T13:13:49ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-09-01129275710.3390/nu12092757Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 PatientsAleksandar Radujkovic0Theresa Hippchen1Shilpa Tiwari-Heckler2Saida Dreher3Monica Boxberger4Uta Merle5Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, GermanyInfection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an enormous challenge to health care systems throughout the world. Without causal treatment, identification of modifiable prognostic factors may help to improve outcomes. To explore possible associations of vitamin D (VitD) status with disease severity and survival, we studied 185 patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and treated at our center. VitD status at first presentation was assessed retrospectively using accredited laboratory methods. VitD deficiency was defined as serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level < 12 ng/mL (<30 nM). Primary endpoint was severe course of disease (i.e., need for invasive mechanical ventilation and/or death, IMV/D). Within a median observation period of 66 days (range 2–92), 23 patients required IMV. A total of 28 patients had IMV/D, including 16 deaths. Ninety-three (50%) patients required hospitalization (inpatient subgroup). A total of 41 (22%) patients were VitD deficient. When adjusted for age, gender, and comorbidities, VitD deficiency was associated with higher risk of IMV/D and death (HR 6.12, 95% CI 2.79–13.42, <i>p</i> < 0.001 and HR 14.73, 95% CI 4.16–52.19, <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively). Similar correlations were observed in the inpatient subgroup. Our study demonstrates an association between VitD deficiency and severity/mortality of COVID-19, highlighting the need for interventional studies on VitD supplementation in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2757vitamin DSARS-CoV-2COVID-19outcomeseverityretrospective |
spellingShingle | Aleksandar Radujkovic Theresa Hippchen Shilpa Tiwari-Heckler Saida Dreher Monica Boxberger Uta Merle Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients Nutrients vitamin D SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 outcome severity retrospective |
title | Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
title_full | Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
title_fullStr | Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
title_full_unstemmed | Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
title_short | Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
title_sort | vitamin d deficiency and outcome of covid 19 patients |
topic | vitamin D SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 outcome severity retrospective |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2757 |
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