The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages
The red imported fire ant (RIFA), <i>Solenopsis invicta</i>, is an invasive pest that causes damage to agricultural and ecological environments worldwide. Fluralaner is a new isoxazoline pesticide with the potential to become a control agent against RIFA. However, it is not clear whether...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/21/15627 |
| _version_ | 1797631887994257408 |
|---|---|
| author | Leyi Shao Wei Wang Xin Gong Yinghao Yu Junao Xue Xinnian Zeng Jiali Liu |
| author_facet | Leyi Shao Wei Wang Xin Gong Yinghao Yu Junao Xue Xinnian Zeng Jiali Liu |
| author_sort | Leyi Shao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The red imported fire ant (RIFA), <i>Solenopsis invicta</i>, is an invasive pest that causes damage to agricultural and ecological environments worldwide. Fluralaner is a new isoxazoline pesticide with the potential to become a control agent against RIFA. However, it is not clear whether <i>S. invicta</i> responds the same way to fluralaner at different reproductive stages. The present study firstly evaluated the toxicity of fluralaner to <i>S. invicta</i> at different developmental stages, finding that fourth instar larvae (LD<sub>50</sub>, 1744.23 mg/kg) and worker ants (LD<sub>50</sub>, 8.62 mg/kg) were differently susceptible to fluralaner, while the mortality rate of fourth instar larvae was significantly lower at the same concentration of 10 mg/L (5.56 ± 3.14%) than that of worker ants (62.22 ± 3.14%), demonstrating a greater tolerance to fluralaner. Subsequently, the metabolic responses of worker and larval ants to fluralaner stress (10 mg/L) were investigated using non-targeted metabolomics, which indicated that the amount of differential metabolites and the KEGG metabolic pathways enriched were different between workers and larvae when exposed to the same dose (10 mg/L) of fluralaner. Differential metabolites of larvae and worker ants under fluralaner stress were mainly concentrated in organic acids and their derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues, combined with the enriched metabolic pathways, revealed that the differential metabolic responses of larvae and worker ants were mainly in energy metabolism, detoxification metabolism, and neurotransmitter ligands. Workers consumed more substrates in the arginine synthesis pathway (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-glutamic acid, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-aspartic acid, and fumaric acid) to provide energy for the detoxification (glutathione) of pesticides when exposed to fluralaner stress, and the high accumulation of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-aspartic acid induced excitotoxicity in the worker ants. Larval ants consumed more arachidonic acid to synthesize PG D2, and changes in the metabolism of antioxidants such as catechins, hesperidin, and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-ascorbic acid suggested that larvae were more capable of scavenging the ROS response than worker ants. The results of non-targeted metabolomics successfully revealed differences in the sensitivity of larvae and workers to fluralaner agents, providing insights into the fluralaner control of <i>Solenopsis invicta</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:29:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cd658b1a0f1e4c4dbe1b6973aff4bd89 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:29:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cd658b1a0f1e4c4dbe1b6973aff4bd892023-11-10T15:04:41ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-10-0124211562710.3390/ijms242115627The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental StagesLeyi Shao0Wei Wang1Xin Gong2Yinghao Yu3Junao Xue4Xinnian Zeng5Jiali Liu6College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaThe red imported fire ant (RIFA), <i>Solenopsis invicta</i>, is an invasive pest that causes damage to agricultural and ecological environments worldwide. Fluralaner is a new isoxazoline pesticide with the potential to become a control agent against RIFA. However, it is not clear whether <i>S. invicta</i> responds the same way to fluralaner at different reproductive stages. The present study firstly evaluated the toxicity of fluralaner to <i>S. invicta</i> at different developmental stages, finding that fourth instar larvae (LD<sub>50</sub>, 1744.23 mg/kg) and worker ants (LD<sub>50</sub>, 8.62 mg/kg) were differently susceptible to fluralaner, while the mortality rate of fourth instar larvae was significantly lower at the same concentration of 10 mg/L (5.56 ± 3.14%) than that of worker ants (62.22 ± 3.14%), demonstrating a greater tolerance to fluralaner. Subsequently, the metabolic responses of worker and larval ants to fluralaner stress (10 mg/L) were investigated using non-targeted metabolomics, which indicated that the amount of differential metabolites and the KEGG metabolic pathways enriched were different between workers and larvae when exposed to the same dose (10 mg/L) of fluralaner. Differential metabolites of larvae and worker ants under fluralaner stress were mainly concentrated in organic acids and their derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues, combined with the enriched metabolic pathways, revealed that the differential metabolic responses of larvae and worker ants were mainly in energy metabolism, detoxification metabolism, and neurotransmitter ligands. Workers consumed more substrates in the arginine synthesis pathway (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-glutamic acid, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-aspartic acid, and fumaric acid) to provide energy for the detoxification (glutathione) of pesticides when exposed to fluralaner stress, and the high accumulation of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-aspartic acid induced excitotoxicity in the worker ants. Larval ants consumed more arachidonic acid to synthesize PG D2, and changes in the metabolism of antioxidants such as catechins, hesperidin, and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-ascorbic acid suggested that larvae were more capable of scavenging the ROS response than worker ants. The results of non-targeted metabolomics successfully revealed differences in the sensitivity of larvae and workers to fluralaner agents, providing insights into the fluralaner control of <i>Solenopsis invicta</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/21/15627contacting activityfluralaner stressinvasive pestmetabolometolerance |
| spellingShingle | Leyi Shao Wei Wang Xin Gong Yinghao Yu Junao Xue Xinnian Zeng Jiali Liu The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages International Journal of Molecular Sciences contacting activity fluralaner stress invasive pest metabolome tolerance |
| title | The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_full | The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_fullStr | The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_short | The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_sort | toxicity differences of fluralaner against the red imported fire ant i solenopsis invicta i at different developmental stages |
| topic | contacting activity fluralaner stress invasive pest metabolome tolerance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/21/15627 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leyishao thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT weiwang thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT xingong thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT yinghaoyu thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT junaoxue thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT xinnianzeng thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT jialiliu thetoxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT leyishao toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT weiwang toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT xingong toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT yinghaoyu toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT junaoxue toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT xinnianzeng toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages AT jialiliu toxicitydifferencesoffluralaneragainsttheredimportedfireantisolenopsisinvictaiatdifferentdevelopmentalstages |