Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.)
The Tiller Angle Control 1 (<i>TAC1</i>) gene belongs to the <i>IGT</i> family, which mainly controls plant branch angle, thereby affecting plant form. Two members of <i>MdTAC1</i> are identified in apple; the regulation of apple branch angle by <i>MdTAC1<...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-02-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1870 |
| _version_ | 1797487133830676480 |
|---|---|
| author | Yongzhou Li Xu Tan Jing Guo Enyue Hu Qi Pan Yuan Zhao Yu Chu Yuandi Zhu |
| author_facet | Yongzhou Li Xu Tan Jing Guo Enyue Hu Qi Pan Yuan Zhao Yu Chu Yuandi Zhu |
| author_sort | Yongzhou Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Tiller Angle Control 1 (<i>TAC1</i>) gene belongs to the <i>IGT</i> family, which mainly controls plant branch angle, thereby affecting plant form. Two members of <i>MdTAC1</i> are identified in apple; the regulation of apple branch angle by <i>MdTAC1</i> is still unclear. In this study, a subcellular localization analysis detected <i>MdTAC1a</i> in the nucleus and cell membrane, but <i>MdTAC1b</i> was detected in the cell membrane. Transgenic tobacco by overexpression of <i>MdTAC1a</i> or <i>MdTAC1b</i> showed enlarged leaf angles, the upregulation of several genes, such as GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox), and a sensitive response to light and gravity. According to a qRT-PCR analysis, <i>MdTAC1a</i> and <i>MdTAC1b</i> were strongly expressed in shoot tips and vegetative buds of weeping cultivars but were weakly expressed in columnar cultivars. In the <i>MdTAC1a</i> promoter, there were losses of 2 bp in spur cultivars and 6 bp in weeping cultivar compared with standard and columnar cultivars. An InDel marker specific to the <i>MdTAC1a</i> promoter was developed to distinguish apple cultivars and F<sub>1</sub> progeny. We identified a protein, MdSRC2, that interacts with MdTAC1a, whose encoding gene which was highly expressed in trees with large branch angles. Our results indicate that differences in the <i>MdTAC1a</i> promoter are major contributors to branch-angle variation in apple, and the <i>MdTAC1a</i> interacts with <i>MdSRC2</i> to affect this trait. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:44:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cd708b169d814748a86d83d5d447dd27 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:44:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cd708b169d814748a86d83d5d447dd272023-11-23T16:48:00ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-02-01233187010.3390/ijms23031870Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.)Yongzhou Li0Xu Tan1Jing Guo2Enyue Hu3Qi Pan4Yuan Zhao5Yu Chu6Yuandi Zhu7Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, ChinaThe Tiller Angle Control 1 (<i>TAC1</i>) gene belongs to the <i>IGT</i> family, which mainly controls plant branch angle, thereby affecting plant form. Two members of <i>MdTAC1</i> are identified in apple; the regulation of apple branch angle by <i>MdTAC1</i> is still unclear. In this study, a subcellular localization analysis detected <i>MdTAC1a</i> in the nucleus and cell membrane, but <i>MdTAC1b</i> was detected in the cell membrane. Transgenic tobacco by overexpression of <i>MdTAC1a</i> or <i>MdTAC1b</i> showed enlarged leaf angles, the upregulation of several genes, such as GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox), and a sensitive response to light and gravity. According to a qRT-PCR analysis, <i>MdTAC1a</i> and <i>MdTAC1b</i> were strongly expressed in shoot tips and vegetative buds of weeping cultivars but were weakly expressed in columnar cultivars. In the <i>MdTAC1a</i> promoter, there were losses of 2 bp in spur cultivars and 6 bp in weeping cultivar compared with standard and columnar cultivars. An InDel marker specific to the <i>MdTAC1a</i> promoter was developed to distinguish apple cultivars and F<sub>1</sub> progeny. We identified a protein, MdSRC2, that interacts with MdTAC1a, whose encoding gene which was highly expressed in trees with large branch angles. Our results indicate that differences in the <i>MdTAC1a</i> promoter are major contributors to branch-angle variation in apple, and the <i>MdTAC1a</i> interacts with <i>MdSRC2</i> to affect this trait.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1870<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.<i>MdTAC1</i>branch anglegene interactionInDel marker |
| spellingShingle | Yongzhou Li Xu Tan Jing Guo Enyue Hu Qi Pan Yuan Zhao Yu Chu Yuandi Zhu Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh. <i>MdTAC1</i> branch angle gene interaction InDel marker |
| title | Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) |
| title_full | Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) |
| title_fullStr | Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) |
| title_short | Functional Characterization of <i>MdTAC1a</i> Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple (<i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) |
| title_sort | functional characterization of i mdtac1a i gene related to branch angle in apple i malus i x i domestica i borkh |
| topic | <i>Malus</i> x <i>domestica</i> Borkh. <i>MdTAC1</i> branch angle gene interaction InDel marker |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1870 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yongzhouli functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT xutan functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT jingguo functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT enyuehu functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT qipan functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT yuanzhao functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT yuchu functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh AT yuandizhu functionalcharacterizationofimdtac1aigenerelatedtobranchangleinappleimalusixidomesticaiborkh |