Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm
Fungicide is used to control fungal disease by destroying and inhibiting the fungus or fungal spores that cause the disease. However, failure to deliver fungicide to the disease region leads to ineffectiveness in the disease control. Hence, in the present study, nanotechnology has enabled the fungic...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/13/2498 |
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| author | Farhatun Najat Maluin Mohd Zobir Hussein Nor Azah Yusof Sharida Fakurazi Abu Seman Idris Nur Hailini Zainol Hilmi Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim |
| author_facet | Farhatun Najat Maluin Mohd Zobir Hussein Nor Azah Yusof Sharida Fakurazi Abu Seman Idris Nur Hailini Zainol Hilmi Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim |
| author_sort | Farhatun Najat Maluin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungicide is used to control fungal disease by destroying and inhibiting the fungus or fungal spores that cause the disease. However, failure to deliver fungicide to the disease region leads to ineffectiveness in the disease control. Hence, in the present study, nanotechnology has enabled the fungicide active agents (hexaconazole) to be encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles with the aim of developing a fungicide nanodelivery system that can transport them more effectively to the target cells (<i>Ganoderma</i> fungus). A pathogenic fungus, <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> (<i>G. boninense</i>), is destructive to oil palm whereby it can cause significant loss to oil palm plantations located in the Southeast Asian countries, especially Malaysia and Indonesia. In regard to this matter, a series of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the fungicide, hexaconazole, was prepared using various concentrations of crosslinking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The resulting particle size revealed that the increase of the TPP concentration produced smaller particles. In addition, the <i>in vitro</i> fungicide released at pH 5.5 demonstrated that the fungicide from the nanoparticles was released in a sustainable manner with a prolonged release time up to 86 h. On another note, the <i>in vitro</i> antifungal studies established that smaller particle size leads to lower half maximum effective concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) value, which indicates higher antifungal activity against <i>G. boninense</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:04:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cdbe54182e374910952cbf5d4ad6c6fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:04:32Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-cdbe54182e374910952cbf5d4ad6c6fa2022-12-22T02:59:19ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-07-012413249810.3390/molecules24132498molecules24132498Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil PalmFarhatun Najat Maluin0Mohd Zobir Hussein1Nor Azah Yusof2Sharida Fakurazi3Abu Seman Idris4Nur Hailini Zainol Hilmi5Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim6Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaInstitute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaInstitute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaMalaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, MalaysiaMalaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, MalaysiaSime Darby Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd., UPM-MTDC Technology Centre III, Lebuh Silikon, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaFungicide is used to control fungal disease by destroying and inhibiting the fungus or fungal spores that cause the disease. However, failure to deliver fungicide to the disease region leads to ineffectiveness in the disease control. Hence, in the present study, nanotechnology has enabled the fungicide active agents (hexaconazole) to be encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles with the aim of developing a fungicide nanodelivery system that can transport them more effectively to the target cells (<i>Ganoderma</i> fungus). A pathogenic fungus, <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> (<i>G. boninense</i>), is destructive to oil palm whereby it can cause significant loss to oil palm plantations located in the Southeast Asian countries, especially Malaysia and Indonesia. In regard to this matter, a series of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the fungicide, hexaconazole, was prepared using various concentrations of crosslinking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The resulting particle size revealed that the increase of the TPP concentration produced smaller particles. In addition, the <i>in vitro</i> fungicide released at pH 5.5 demonstrated that the fungicide from the nanoparticles was released in a sustainable manner with a prolonged release time up to 86 h. On another note, the <i>in vitro</i> antifungal studies established that smaller particle size leads to lower half maximum effective concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) value, which indicates higher antifungal activity against <i>G. boninense</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/13/2498agronanoparticlesnanodelivery systemfungicideantifungal<i>Ganoderma boninense</i> |
| spellingShingle | Farhatun Najat Maluin Mohd Zobir Hussein Nor Azah Yusof Sharida Fakurazi Abu Seman Idris Nur Hailini Zainol Hilmi Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm Molecules agronanoparticles nanodelivery system fungicide antifungal <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> |
| title | Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm |
| title_full | Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm |
| title_fullStr | Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm |
| title_short | Preparation of Chitosan–Hexaconazole Nanoparticles as Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Combating <i>Ganoderma</i> Disease in Oil Palm |
| title_sort | preparation of chitosan hexaconazole nanoparticles as fungicide nanodelivery system for combating i ganoderma i disease in oil palm |
| topic | agronanoparticles nanodelivery system fungicide antifungal <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/13/2498 |
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