Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya
Abstract Background Molecular diagnostic tools have been incorporated in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes to identify underlying genetic basis of resistance and develop early warning systems of vector control failure. Identifying genetic markers of insecticide resistance is crucial in en...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03997-4 |
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| author | Sharon Mwagira-Maina Steven Runo Lucy Wachira Stanley Kitur Sarah Nyasende Brigid Kemei Eric Ochomo Damaris Matoke-Muhia Charles Mbogo Luna Kamau |
| author_facet | Sharon Mwagira-Maina Steven Runo Lucy Wachira Stanley Kitur Sarah Nyasende Brigid Kemei Eric Ochomo Damaris Matoke-Muhia Charles Mbogo Luna Kamau |
| author_sort | Sharon Mwagira-Maina |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Molecular diagnostic tools have been incorporated in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes to identify underlying genetic basis of resistance and develop early warning systems of vector control failure. Identifying genetic markers of insecticide resistance is crucial in enhancing the ability to mitigate potential effects of resistance. The knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids, the acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1 R ) mutation associated with resistance to organophosphates and carbamates and 2La chromosomal inversion associated with indoor resting behaviour, were investigated in the present study. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes sampled from different sites in Kenya and collected within the context of malaria vector surveillance were analysed. Mosquitoes were collected indoors using light traps, pyrethrum spray and hand catches between August 2016 and November 2017. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes further identified into sibling species by the polymerase chain reaction method following DNA extraction by alcohol precipitation. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis were analysed for the presence of the kdr and ace-1 R mutations, while 2La inversion was only screened for in An. gambiae where it is polymorphic. Chi-square statistics were used to determine correlation between the 2La inversion karyotype and kdr-east mutation. Results The kdr-east mutation occurred at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 65.6% between sites. The kdr-west mutation was only found in Migori at a total frequency of 5.3% (n = 124). No kdr mutants were detected in Tana River. The ace-1 R mutation was absent in all populations. The 2La chromosomal inversion screened in An. gambiae occurred at frequencies of 87% (n = 30), 80% (n = 10) and 52% (n = 50) in Baringo, Tana River and Migori, respectively. A significant association between the 2La chromosomal inversion and the kdr-east mutation was found. Conclusion The significant association between the 2La inversion karyotype and kdr-east mutation suggests that pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae continue to rest indoors regardless of the presence of treated bed nets and residual sprays, a persistence further substantiated by studies documenting continued mosquito abundance indoors. Behavioural resistance by which Anopheles vectors prefer not to rest indoors may, therefore, not be a factor of concern in this study’s malaria vector populations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T21:43:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cdea100471b94eb2b5eb4a48a7de25f1 |
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| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T21:43:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-cdea100471b94eb2b5eb4a48a7de25f12022-12-21T23:30:29ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752021-12-012011910.1186/s12936-021-03997-4Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in KenyaSharon Mwagira-Maina0Steven Runo1Lucy Wachira2Stanley Kitur3Sarah Nyasende4Brigid Kemei5Eric Ochomo6Damaris Matoke-Muhia7Charles Mbogo8Luna Kamau9Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta UniversityCentre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID)Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_CDCCentre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_CDCCentre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)KEMRI -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Public Health UnitCentre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Abstract Background Molecular diagnostic tools have been incorporated in insecticide resistance monitoring programmes to identify underlying genetic basis of resistance and develop early warning systems of vector control failure. Identifying genetic markers of insecticide resistance is crucial in enhancing the ability to mitigate potential effects of resistance. The knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids, the acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1 R ) mutation associated with resistance to organophosphates and carbamates and 2La chromosomal inversion associated with indoor resting behaviour, were investigated in the present study. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes sampled from different sites in Kenya and collected within the context of malaria vector surveillance were analysed. Mosquitoes were collected indoors using light traps, pyrethrum spray and hand catches between August 2016 and November 2017. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes further identified into sibling species by the polymerase chain reaction method following DNA extraction by alcohol precipitation. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis were analysed for the presence of the kdr and ace-1 R mutations, while 2La inversion was only screened for in An. gambiae where it is polymorphic. Chi-square statistics were used to determine correlation between the 2La inversion karyotype and kdr-east mutation. Results The kdr-east mutation occurred at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 65.6% between sites. The kdr-west mutation was only found in Migori at a total frequency of 5.3% (n = 124). No kdr mutants were detected in Tana River. The ace-1 R mutation was absent in all populations. The 2La chromosomal inversion screened in An. gambiae occurred at frequencies of 87% (n = 30), 80% (n = 10) and 52% (n = 50) in Baringo, Tana River and Migori, respectively. A significant association between the 2La chromosomal inversion and the kdr-east mutation was found. Conclusion The significant association between the 2La inversion karyotype and kdr-east mutation suggests that pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae continue to rest indoors regardless of the presence of treated bed nets and residual sprays, a persistence further substantiated by studies documenting continued mosquito abundance indoors. Behavioural resistance by which Anopheles vectors prefer not to rest indoors may, therefore, not be a factor of concern in this study’s malaria vector populations.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03997-4Insecticide resistanceKdr mutationAce-1 R mutation2La inversion |
| spellingShingle | Sharon Mwagira-Maina Steven Runo Lucy Wachira Stanley Kitur Sarah Nyasende Brigid Kemei Eric Ochomo Damaris Matoke-Muhia Charles Mbogo Luna Kamau Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya Malaria Journal Insecticide resistance Kdr mutation Ace-1 R mutation 2La inversion |
| title | Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya |
| title_full | Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya |
| title_fullStr | Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya |
| title_short | Genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in Kenya |
| title_sort | genetic markers associated with insecticide resistance and resting behaviour in anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in selected sites in kenya |
| topic | Insecticide resistance Kdr mutation Ace-1 R mutation 2La inversion |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03997-4 |
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