Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method
Apples are easily damaged during transportation due to extrusion and collision, resulting in structural damage and deterioration. To better understand apples’ mechanical–structural damage behavior, a texture analyzer platform combined with in situ observation was established. The effects of extrusio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/13/1851 |
| _version_ | 1827654815279218688 |
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| author | Xiaopeng Liu Zhentao Cao Liu Yang Huan Chen Yonglin Zhang |
| author_facet | Xiaopeng Liu Zhentao Cao Liu Yang Huan Chen Yonglin Zhang |
| author_sort | Xiaopeng Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apples are easily damaged during transportation due to extrusion and collision, resulting in structural damage and deterioration. To better understand apples’ mechanical–structural damage behavior, a texture analyzer platform combined with in situ observation was established. The effects of extrusion distance, speed, working temperature, and typical kinds of apple were considered for damage mechanisms. Apple damage was analyzed via the finite element method (FEM). The results indicated that the apple extrusion behavior can be divided into elastic interaction and plastic damage. Compression displacement effects were obviously significant in terms of structural damage, and apple samples were in an elastic stage with displacement of less than 2.3 mm, and no structural damage. The peak force energy-displacement mathematical model was established, showing an “s” shape and upward parabolic shape. The critical compression energy was around 100N·mm during elastic interaction. The damaged area was positively correlated with the compression energy. The FEM simulation results were consistent with the damage distribution of apples. The effects of speed on the three apple types were different. Red Fuji apples with a bruised area were not sensitive to pressure speed. The effect on the crack forming of Ralls apples was significant. Golden Delicious apples with a bruised area and crack formation showed an intermediate effect. The peak force–temperature fitting curve showed a downward parabolic shape and an R<sup>2</sup> determination factor of 0.99982. Apple squeeze damage mechanisms provide theoretical guidance for apple damage control. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:55:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ce2b3c2dbfbe4d3b94aa72d60feb9baf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:55:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-ce2b3c2dbfbe4d3b94aa72d60feb9baf2023-11-23T20:00:17ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-06-011113185110.3390/foods11131851Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element MethodXiaopeng Liu0Zhentao Cao1Liu Yang2Huan Chen3Yonglin Zhang4School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, ChinaCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, ChinaCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, ChinaCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, ChinaCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, ChinaApples are easily damaged during transportation due to extrusion and collision, resulting in structural damage and deterioration. To better understand apples’ mechanical–structural damage behavior, a texture analyzer platform combined with in situ observation was established. The effects of extrusion distance, speed, working temperature, and typical kinds of apple were considered for damage mechanisms. Apple damage was analyzed via the finite element method (FEM). The results indicated that the apple extrusion behavior can be divided into elastic interaction and plastic damage. Compression displacement effects were obviously significant in terms of structural damage, and apple samples were in an elastic stage with displacement of less than 2.3 mm, and no structural damage. The peak force energy-displacement mathematical model was established, showing an “s” shape and upward parabolic shape. The critical compression energy was around 100N·mm during elastic interaction. The damaged area was positively correlated with the compression energy. The FEM simulation results were consistent with the damage distribution of apples. The effects of speed on the three apple types were different. Red Fuji apples with a bruised area were not sensitive to pressure speed. The effect on the crack forming of Ralls apples was significant. Golden Delicious apples with a bruised area and crack formation showed an intermediate effect. The peak force–temperature fitting curve showed a downward parabolic shape and an R<sup>2</sup> determination factor of 0.99982. Apple squeeze damage mechanisms provide theoretical guidance for apple damage control.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/13/1851applemechanical–structural propertiesdamagefinite element method |
| spellingShingle | Xiaopeng Liu Zhentao Cao Liu Yang Huan Chen Yonglin Zhang Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method Foods apple mechanical–structural properties damage finite element method |
| title | Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method |
| title_full | Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method |
| title_fullStr | Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method |
| title_short | Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method |
| title_sort | research on damage properties of apples based on static compression combined with the finite element method |
| topic | apple mechanical–structural properties damage finite element method |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/13/1851 |
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