Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal
Background and Aim: Poultry is becoming an increasingly important source of protein in the Nepalese diet. The Chitwan region of Nepal is the hub of the emerging poultry industry. Little is known about the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) on poultry farms or the role of farm management pr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Veterinary World
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Veterinary World |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/February-2021/14.pdf |
| _version_ | 1819125419357503488 |
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| author | Sumit Sharma Peter D. Fowler Dhan Kumar Pant Subir Singh Melinda J. Wilkins |
| author_facet | Sumit Sharma Peter D. Fowler Dhan Kumar Pant Subir Singh Melinda J. Wilkins |
| author_sort | Sumit Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and Aim: Poultry is becoming an increasingly important source of protein in the Nepalese diet. The Chitwan region of Nepal is the hub of the emerging poultry industry. Little is known about the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) on poultry farms or the role of farm management practices that may contribute to the presence of NTS on farms. The role of poultry in the transmission of Salmonella enterica to humans is also poorly defined. This descriptive study seeks establish baseline data through estimation of the prevalence of NTS on broiler and layer operations in various farms of the Chitwan district of Nepal.
Materials and Methods: Based on district documents on poultry production and meat marketing, a purposive sampling of 18 commercial poultry farms comprising ten broilers farms and eight layers farms was conducted. Environmental samples including water, litter, feces, feed, farm, and eggshell swabs were randomly collected from each farm. Samples were cultured and tested for the presence of NTS; positives were serotyped, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined. A comprehensive farm and practice questionnaire was administered to each farm manager.
Results: The farm level point prevalence rate was 55% (10 of 18 farms) for S. enterica. Of the total 288 farm environmental samples collected, 26 samples (9%) were positive. The rate of isolation varied according to the origin of samples: Water (27.5%), feces (10.6%), litter (8.6%), farm swabs (5%), feed (1.8%), and eggshells (0%). Farm management variables/risk factors are summarized and categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable for analysis. Broiler operations were more likely to be positive than layer operations as were poultry houses with two or less open sides. All-in/all-out management style was found to be protective. Due to the small sample size (18 farms), no associations reached statistical significance.
Conclusion: Based on environmental sampling results, NTS is highly prevalent on the poultry farms in the Chitwan district of Nepal. Certain risk factors are associated with finding NTS on farms. Our findings are generally in agreement with other studies in similar countries with rapidly emerging poultry industries. The identification of risk factors provides owners, technicians, and veterinarians with some guidance to help reduce the prevalence of NTS on farms. This baseline data are critical to understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic strain of NTS in the region and are necessary for the design of future studies and mitigation plans and underlines the need for a one-health approach to protect public health-related to Salmonella spp. from poultry farms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T07:39:50Z |
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| id | doaj.art-ce4b0c937dd9438ea1e5f774752e0b64 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0972-8988 2231-0916 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T07:39:50Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ce4b0c937dd9438ea1e5f774752e0b642022-12-21T18:33:47ZengVeterinary WorldVeterinary World0972-89882231-09162021-02-0114242643610.14202/vetworld.2021.426-436Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, NepalSumit Sharma0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4824-7569Peter D. Fowler1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-6007Dhan Kumar Pant2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-1519Subir Singh3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-3750Melinda J. Wilkins4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4701-734XAgriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Rampur, Chitwan 44200, Nepal.Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, 736 Wilson Rd. East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre G.P.O. Box: 1885 Jeevan Smriti Marg, Chagal, House No. 468/32, Ward No. 32, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal.Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Rampur, Chitwan, 44200, Nepal.Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, 736 Wilson Rd. East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.Background and Aim: Poultry is becoming an increasingly important source of protein in the Nepalese diet. The Chitwan region of Nepal is the hub of the emerging poultry industry. Little is known about the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) on poultry farms or the role of farm management practices that may contribute to the presence of NTS on farms. The role of poultry in the transmission of Salmonella enterica to humans is also poorly defined. This descriptive study seeks establish baseline data through estimation of the prevalence of NTS on broiler and layer operations in various farms of the Chitwan district of Nepal. Materials and Methods: Based on district documents on poultry production and meat marketing, a purposive sampling of 18 commercial poultry farms comprising ten broilers farms and eight layers farms was conducted. Environmental samples including water, litter, feces, feed, farm, and eggshell swabs were randomly collected from each farm. Samples were cultured and tested for the presence of NTS; positives were serotyped, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined. A comprehensive farm and practice questionnaire was administered to each farm manager. Results: The farm level point prevalence rate was 55% (10 of 18 farms) for S. enterica. Of the total 288 farm environmental samples collected, 26 samples (9%) were positive. The rate of isolation varied according to the origin of samples: Water (27.5%), feces (10.6%), litter (8.6%), farm swabs (5%), feed (1.8%), and eggshells (0%). Farm management variables/risk factors are summarized and categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable for analysis. Broiler operations were more likely to be positive than layer operations as were poultry houses with two or less open sides. All-in/all-out management style was found to be protective. Due to the small sample size (18 farms), no associations reached statistical significance. Conclusion: Based on environmental sampling results, NTS is highly prevalent on the poultry farms in the Chitwan district of Nepal. Certain risk factors are associated with finding NTS on farms. Our findings are generally in agreement with other studies in similar countries with rapidly emerging poultry industries. The identification of risk factors provides owners, technicians, and veterinarians with some guidance to help reduce the prevalence of NTS on farms. This baseline data are critical to understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic strain of NTS in the region and are necessary for the design of future studies and mitigation plans and underlines the need for a one-health approach to protect public health-related to Salmonella spp. from poultry farms.http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/February-2021/14.pdffarm risk factorsnepalnon-typhoidal salmonellapoultrysalmonella enterica |
| spellingShingle | Sumit Sharma Peter D. Fowler Dhan Kumar Pant Subir Singh Melinda J. Wilkins Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal Veterinary World farm risk factors nepal non-typhoidal salmonella poultry salmonella enterica |
| title | Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal |
| title_full | Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal |
| title_short | Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal |
| title_sort | prevalence of non typhoidal salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in chitwan nepal |
| topic | farm risk factors nepal non-typhoidal salmonella poultry salmonella enterica |
| url | http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/February-2021/14.pdf |
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