Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency
To overcome the issue of multidrug resistant (MDR) microbes, the exploration of ways to improve the antimicrobial efficiency of existing antibiotics is one of the promising approaches. In search of synthons with higher efficiency, in current investigations, cocrystal and amorphous salt of levofloxac...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/797 |
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| author | Noor Ul Islam Muhammad Naveed Umar Ezzat Khan Fakhria A. Al-Joufi Shaymaa Najm Abed Muhammad Said Habib Ullah Muhammad Iftikhar Muhammad Zahoor Farhat Ali Khan |
| author_facet | Noor Ul Islam Muhammad Naveed Umar Ezzat Khan Fakhria A. Al-Joufi Shaymaa Najm Abed Muhammad Said Habib Ullah Muhammad Iftikhar Muhammad Zahoor Farhat Ali Khan |
| author_sort | Noor Ul Islam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To overcome the issue of multidrug resistant (MDR) microbes, the exploration of ways to improve the antimicrobial efficiency of existing antibiotics is one of the promising approaches. In search of synthons with higher efficiency, in current investigations, cocrystal and amorphous salt of levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEV) were developed with phthalimide (PTH) and caffeic acid (CFA). New materials were characterized with the help of FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Shifting, attenuation, appearance/disappearance and broadening of bands were observed in the FT-IR and Raman spectra of the materials as evidence of the required product. The PXRD diffraction pattern observed for LEV-PTH indicated cocrystal while halo diffractogram of LEV-CFA revealed amorphous nature. DSC/TG analysis confirmed the hydrated nature of the cocrystal/salt. The dissolution rate and antimicrobial activity against selected strains, <i>K.</i><i>pneumonia</i>, <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. typhi</i> of parent drug and the new material were compared. The zone of inhibition (ZI) observed for 5 µg LEV-PTH was 30.4 + 0.36 (<i>K. pneumonia</i>), 26.33 + 0.35 (<i>E. coli</i>) and 30.03 + 0.25 mm (<i>S. typhi</i>) while LEV-CFA salt (5 µg) against the same strains inhibited 33.96 ± 0.25, 31.66 ± 0.35 and 27.93 ± 0.40 mm, respectively. These novel formulations enhance the dissolution rate as well as antibacterial efficiency and are expected to be potent against MDR bacterial strains. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:35:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ce56c09309fa49ed8629c4f6e0476654 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:35:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-ce56c09309fa49ed8629c4f6e04766542023-11-23T15:17:30ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822022-06-0111679710.3390/antibiotics11060797Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial EfficiencyNoor Ul Islam0Muhammad Naveed Umar1Ezzat Khan2Fakhria A. Al-Joufi3Shaymaa Najm Abed4Muhammad Said5Habib Ullah6Muhammad Iftikhar7Muhammad Zahoor8Farhat Ali Khan9Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi ArabiaNursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72311, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhuto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanTo overcome the issue of multidrug resistant (MDR) microbes, the exploration of ways to improve the antimicrobial efficiency of existing antibiotics is one of the promising approaches. In search of synthons with higher efficiency, in current investigations, cocrystal and amorphous salt of levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEV) were developed with phthalimide (PTH) and caffeic acid (CFA). New materials were characterized with the help of FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Shifting, attenuation, appearance/disappearance and broadening of bands were observed in the FT-IR and Raman spectra of the materials as evidence of the required product. The PXRD diffraction pattern observed for LEV-PTH indicated cocrystal while halo diffractogram of LEV-CFA revealed amorphous nature. DSC/TG analysis confirmed the hydrated nature of the cocrystal/salt. The dissolution rate and antimicrobial activity against selected strains, <i>K.</i><i>pneumonia</i>, <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. typhi</i> of parent drug and the new material were compared. The zone of inhibition (ZI) observed for 5 µg LEV-PTH was 30.4 + 0.36 (<i>K. pneumonia</i>), 26.33 + 0.35 (<i>E. coli</i>) and 30.03 + 0.25 mm (<i>S. typhi</i>) while LEV-CFA salt (5 µg) against the same strains inhibited 33.96 ± 0.25, 31.66 ± 0.35 and 27.93 ± 0.40 mm, respectively. These novel formulations enhance the dissolution rate as well as antibacterial efficiency and are expected to be potent against MDR bacterial strains.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/797levofloxacin/phthalimidelevofloxacin/caffeic acidheterosynthonsantibacterial activityMDR strains |
| spellingShingle | Noor Ul Islam Muhammad Naveed Umar Ezzat Khan Fakhria A. Al-Joufi Shaymaa Najm Abed Muhammad Said Habib Ullah Muhammad Iftikhar Muhammad Zahoor Farhat Ali Khan Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency Antibiotics levofloxacin/phthalimide levofloxacin/caffeic acid heterosynthons antibacterial activity MDR strains |
| title | Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency |
| title_full | Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency |
| title_fullStr | Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed | Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency |
| title_short | Levofloxacin Cocrystal/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency |
| title_sort | levofloxacin cocrystal salt with phthalimide and caffeic acid as promising solid state approach to improve antimicrobial efficiency |
| topic | levofloxacin/phthalimide levofloxacin/caffeic acid heterosynthons antibacterial activity MDR strains |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/797 |
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