The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean ± SD: age, 23.6 ± 2.8 years; height, 176.6 ± 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean ± S...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/309 |
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| author | Raci Karayigit Mustafa Can Eser Fatma Nese Sahin Cengizhan Sari Angela Sanchez-Gomez Raul Dominguez Mitat Koz |
| author_facet | Raci Karayigit Mustafa Can Eser Fatma Nese Sahin Cengizhan Sari Angela Sanchez-Gomez Raul Dominguez Mitat Koz |
| author_sort | Raci Karayigit |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean ± SD: age, 23.6 ± 2.8 years; height, 176.6 ± 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean ± SD: age, 22.8 ± 1.4 years; height, 166.4 ± 1.9 cm; body mass, 61.6 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed a one repetition strength and muscular endurance test (60% of one repetition maximum to failure) for squat and bench press following four conditions; (i) normoxia (900 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 21%); (ii) low dose hypoxia (2000 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 16%); (iii) moderate dose hypoxia (3000 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 14%); and (iv) high dose hypoxia (4000 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 12%). Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function was also determined during each condition. The one repetition maximum squat (<i>p</i> = 0.33) and bench press (<i>p</i> = 0.68) did not differ between conditions or sexes. Furthermore, squat endurance did not differ between conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.34). There was a significant decrease in bench press endurance following moderate (<i>p</i> = 0.02; <i>p</i> = 0.04) and high (<i>p</i> = 0.01; <i>p</i> = 0.01) doses of hypoxia in both males and females compared to normoxia and low dose hypoxia, respectively. Cognitive function, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate were also significantly different in high and moderate dose hypoxia conditions compared to normoxia (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between the conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.30). In conclusion, high and moderate doses of acute normobaric hypoxia decrease upper body muscular endurance and cognitive performance regardless of sex; however, lower body muscular endurance and maximal strength are not altered. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:34:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cef6754955e64cd8bcfeeef5cb677df8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:34:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-cef6754955e64cd8bcfeeef5cb677df82023-11-23T18:51:14ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-02-0111230910.3390/biology11020309The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and SexRaci Karayigit0Mustafa Can Eser1Fatma Nese Sahin2Cengizhan Sari3Angela Sanchez-Gomez4Raul Dominguez5Mitat Koz6Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, TurkeyFaculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, TurkeyFaculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, TurkeyFaculty of Sport Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş 49001, TurkeyDepartment of Nursing Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14000 Córdoba, SpainDepartamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, SpainPhysiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, Mersin, Famagusta 99628, TurkeyThe aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean ± SD: age, 23.6 ± 2.8 years; height, 176.6 ± 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean ± SD: age, 22.8 ± 1.4 years; height, 166.4 ± 1.9 cm; body mass, 61.6 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed a one repetition strength and muscular endurance test (60% of one repetition maximum to failure) for squat and bench press following four conditions; (i) normoxia (900 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 21%); (ii) low dose hypoxia (2000 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 16%); (iii) moderate dose hypoxia (3000 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 14%); and (iv) high dose hypoxia (4000 m altitude; F<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 12%). Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function was also determined during each condition. The one repetition maximum squat (<i>p</i> = 0.33) and bench press (<i>p</i> = 0.68) did not differ between conditions or sexes. Furthermore, squat endurance did not differ between conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.34). There was a significant decrease in bench press endurance following moderate (<i>p</i> = 0.02; <i>p</i> = 0.04) and high (<i>p</i> = 0.01; <i>p</i> = 0.01) doses of hypoxia in both males and females compared to normoxia and low dose hypoxia, respectively. Cognitive function, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate were also significantly different in high and moderate dose hypoxia conditions compared to normoxia (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between the conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.30). In conclusion, high and moderate doses of acute normobaric hypoxia decrease upper body muscular endurance and cognitive performance regardless of sex; however, lower body muscular endurance and maximal strength are not altered.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/309hypoxic doseresistance trainingmuscular endurancesex differenceflanker |
| spellingShingle | Raci Karayigit Mustafa Can Eser Fatma Nese Sahin Cengizhan Sari Angela Sanchez-Gomez Raul Dominguez Mitat Koz The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex Biology hypoxic dose resistance training muscular endurance sex difference flanker |
| title | The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex |
| title_full | The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex |
| title_fullStr | The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex |
| title_short | The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex |
| title_sort | acute effects of normobaric hypoxia on strength muscular endurance and cognitive function influence of dose and sex |
| topic | hypoxic dose resistance training muscular endurance sex difference flanker |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/309 |
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