The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a chronic, progressive course. The etiology of this condition is linked to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, the higher frequency of negative symptoms in the clinical presentation, a...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6492 |
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| author | Agnieszka Matuszewska Krzysztof Kowalski Paulina Jawień Tomasz Tomkalski Dagmara Gaweł-Dąbrowska Anna Merwid-Ląd Ewa Szeląg Karolina Błaszczak Benita Wiatrak Maciej Danielewski Janusz Piasny Adam Szeląg |
| author_facet | Agnieszka Matuszewska Krzysztof Kowalski Paulina Jawień Tomasz Tomkalski Dagmara Gaweł-Dąbrowska Anna Merwid-Ląd Ewa Szeląg Karolina Błaszczak Benita Wiatrak Maciej Danielewski Janusz Piasny Adam Szeląg |
| author_sort | Agnieszka Matuszewska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a chronic, progressive course. The etiology of this condition is linked to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, the higher frequency of negative symptoms in the clinical presentation, and the poorer response to antipsychotic treatment in men compared to women suggests the involvement of sex hormones in these processes. This article aims to draw attention to the possible relationship between testosterone and some clinical features in male schizophrenic patients and discuss the complex nature of these phenomena based on data from the literature. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to select the papers without limiting the time of the publications. Hormone levels in the body are regulated by many organs and systems, and take place through the neuroendocrine, hormonal, neural, and metabolic pathways. Sex hormones play an important role in the development and function of the organism. Besides their impact on secondary sex characteristics, they influence brain development and function, mood, and cognition. In men with schizophrenia, altered testosterone levels were noted. In many cases, evidence from available single studies gave contradictory results. However, it seems that the testosterone level in men affected by schizophrenia may differ depending on the phase of the disease, types of clinical symptoms, and administered therapy. The etiology of testosterone level disturbances may be very complex. Besides the impact of the illness (schizophrenia), stress, and antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, testosterone levels may be influenced by, i.a., obesity, substances of abuse (e.g., ethanol), or liver damage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:35:16Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:35:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cf0bb45969524310aff9d4b212912dd02023-11-17T16:51:51ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-03-01247649210.3390/ijms24076492The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with SchizophreniaAgnieszka Matuszewska0Krzysztof Kowalski1Paulina Jawień2Tomasz Tomkalski3Dagmara Gaweł-Dąbrowska4Anna Merwid-Ląd5Ewa Szeląg6Karolina Błaszczak7Benita Wiatrak8Maciej Danielewski9Janusz Piasny10Adam Szeląg11Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital–Centre for Medical Emergency, A.E. Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Population Health, Division of Public Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, PolandSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a chronic, progressive course. The etiology of this condition is linked to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, the higher frequency of negative symptoms in the clinical presentation, and the poorer response to antipsychotic treatment in men compared to women suggests the involvement of sex hormones in these processes. This article aims to draw attention to the possible relationship between testosterone and some clinical features in male schizophrenic patients and discuss the complex nature of these phenomena based on data from the literature. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to select the papers without limiting the time of the publications. Hormone levels in the body are regulated by many organs and systems, and take place through the neuroendocrine, hormonal, neural, and metabolic pathways. Sex hormones play an important role in the development and function of the organism. Besides their impact on secondary sex characteristics, they influence brain development and function, mood, and cognition. In men with schizophrenia, altered testosterone levels were noted. In many cases, evidence from available single studies gave contradictory results. However, it seems that the testosterone level in men affected by schizophrenia may differ depending on the phase of the disease, types of clinical symptoms, and administered therapy. The etiology of testosterone level disturbances may be very complex. Besides the impact of the illness (schizophrenia), stress, and antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, testosterone levels may be influenced by, i.a., obesity, substances of abuse (e.g., ethanol), or liver damage.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6492schizophreniasex hormonesHPG axistestosteronehypogonadismestradiol |
| spellingShingle | Agnieszka Matuszewska Krzysztof Kowalski Paulina Jawień Tomasz Tomkalski Dagmara Gaweł-Dąbrowska Anna Merwid-Ląd Ewa Szeląg Karolina Błaszczak Benita Wiatrak Maciej Danielewski Janusz Piasny Adam Szeląg The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia International Journal of Molecular Sciences schizophrenia sex hormones HPG axis testosterone hypogonadism estradiol |
| title | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia |
| title_full | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia |
| title_fullStr | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia |
| title_short | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia |
| title_sort | hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in men with schizophrenia |
| topic | schizophrenia sex hormones HPG axis testosterone hypogonadism estradiol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6492 |
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