Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study
Consistent evidence suggests that motor imagery involves the activation of several sensorimotor areas also involved during action execution, including the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, it is still unclear whether their involvement is specific for e...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/9/1196 |
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| author | Viola Oldrati Alessandra Finisguerra Alessio Avenanti Salvatore Maria Aglioti Cosimo Urgesi |
| author_facet | Viola Oldrati Alessandra Finisguerra Alessio Avenanti Salvatore Maria Aglioti Cosimo Urgesi |
| author_sort | Viola Oldrati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Consistent evidence suggests that motor imagery involves the activation of several sensorimotor areas also involved during action execution, including the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, it is still unclear whether their involvement is specific for either kinesthetic or visual imagery or whether they contribute to motor activation for both modalities. Although sensorial experience during motor imagery is often multimodal, identifying the modality exerting greater facilitation of the motor system may allow optimizing the functional outcomes of rehabilitation interventions. In a sample of healthy adults, we combined 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to suppress neural activity of the dPMC, S1, and primary motor cortex (M1) with single-pulse TMS over M1 for measuring cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) during kinesthetic and visual motor imagery of finger movements as compared to static imagery conditions. We found that rTMS over both dPMC and S1, but not over M1, modulates the muscle-specific facilitation of CSE during kinesthetic but not during visual motor imagery. Furthermore, dPMC rTMS suppressed the facilitation of CSE, whereas S1 rTMS boosted it. The results highlight the differential pattern of cortico-cortical connectivity within the sensorimotor system during the mental simulation of the kinesthetic and visual consequences of actions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:51:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cf581326d7254bc9afba554a62a9a7ba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:51:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cf581326d7254bc9afba554a62a9a7ba2023-11-22T12:14:31ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252021-09-01119119610.3390/brainsci11091196Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudyViola Oldrati0Alessandra Finisguerra1Alessio Avenanti2Salvatore Maria Aglioti3Cosimo Urgesi4Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Neuro-Oncological and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Unit, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, ItalyScientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato, 33037 Udine, ItalyDipartimento di Psicologia, Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, ItalySapienza, Università di Roma and CLN2S@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, ItalyScientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, ItalyConsistent evidence suggests that motor imagery involves the activation of several sensorimotor areas also involved during action execution, including the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, it is still unclear whether their involvement is specific for either kinesthetic or visual imagery or whether they contribute to motor activation for both modalities. Although sensorial experience during motor imagery is often multimodal, identifying the modality exerting greater facilitation of the motor system may allow optimizing the functional outcomes of rehabilitation interventions. In a sample of healthy adults, we combined 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to suppress neural activity of the dPMC, S1, and primary motor cortex (M1) with single-pulse TMS over M1 for measuring cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) during kinesthetic and visual motor imagery of finger movements as compared to static imagery conditions. We found that rTMS over both dPMC and S1, but not over M1, modulates the muscle-specific facilitation of CSE during kinesthetic but not during visual motor imagery. Furthermore, dPMC rTMS suppressed the facilitation of CSE, whereas S1 rTMS boosted it. The results highlight the differential pattern of cortico-cortical connectivity within the sensorimotor system during the mental simulation of the kinesthetic and visual consequences of actions.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/9/1196motor imagerykinestheticvisualcortico-spinal excitabilitytranscranial magnetic stimulation |
| spellingShingle | Viola Oldrati Alessandra Finisguerra Alessio Avenanti Salvatore Maria Aglioti Cosimo Urgesi Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study Brain Sciences motor imagery kinesthetic visual cortico-spinal excitability transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| title | Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study |
| title_full | Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study |
| title_fullStr | Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study |
| title_short | Differential Influence of the Dorsal Premotor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex on Corticospinal Excitability during Kinesthetic and Visual Motor Imagery: A Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study |
| title_sort | differential influence of the dorsal premotor and primary somatosensory cortex on corticospinal excitability during kinesthetic and visual motor imagery a low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study |
| topic | motor imagery kinesthetic visual cortico-spinal excitability transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/9/1196 |
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