Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
<i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (<i>Spirulina</i>) biomass is a valuable source of sustainable proteins, and the basis for new food and feed products. State-of-the-art production of <i>Spirulina</i> biomass in open pond systems only allows limited control of essentia...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| author | Ahmad Nosratimovafagh Abolghasem Esmaeili Fereidouni Felix Krujatz |
| author_facet | Ahmad Nosratimovafagh Abolghasem Esmaeili Fereidouni Felix Krujatz |
| author_sort | Ahmad Nosratimovafagh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (<i>Spirulina</i>) biomass is a valuable source of sustainable proteins, and the basis for new food and feed products. State-of-the-art production of <i>Spirulina</i> biomass in open pond systems only allows limited control of essential process parameters, such as light color, salinity control, or mixotrophic growth, due to the high risk of contaminations. Closed photobioreactors offer a highly controllable system to optimize all process parameters affecting <i>Spirulina</i> biomass production (quantity) and biomass composition (quality). However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of light color, salinity effects, and mixotrophic growth modes of <i>Spirulina</i> biomass production has not been performed yet. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to develop statistical models, and define optimal mixotrophic process conditions yielding maximum quantitative biomass productivity and high-quality biomass composition related to cellular protein and phycocyanin content. The individual and interaction effects of 0, 5, 15, and 30 g/L of sodium chloride (S), and 0, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 g/L of glucose (G) in three costume-made LED panels (L) where the dominant color was white (W), red (R), and yellow (Y) were investigated in a full factorial design. <i>Spirulina</i> was cultivated in 200 mL cell culture flasks in different treatments, and data were collected at the end of the log growth phase. The lack-of-fit test showed that the cubic model was the most suitable to predict the biomass concentration and protein content, and the two-factor interaction (2FI) was preferred to predict the cellular phycocyanin content (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The reduced models were produced by excluding insignificant terms (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The experimental validation of the RSM optimization showed that the highest biomass concentration (1.09, 1.08, and 0.85 g/L), with improved phycocyanin content of 82.27, 59.47, 107 mg/g, and protein content of 46.18, 39.76, 53.16%, was obtained under the process parameter configuration WL4.28S2.5G, RL10.63S1.33G, and YL1.00S0.88G, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:35:26Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:35:26Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-cf880fdf3cb44280a541b7b6b11cac8b2023-11-30T21:13:46ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-03-0112337110.3390/life12030371Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)Ahmad Nosratimovafagh0Abolghasem Esmaeili Fereidouni1Felix Krujatz2Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari P.O. Box 578, IranDepartment of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari P.O. Box 578, IranInstitute of Natural Materials Technology, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 120, 01069 Dresden, Germany<i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (<i>Spirulina</i>) biomass is a valuable source of sustainable proteins, and the basis for new food and feed products. State-of-the-art production of <i>Spirulina</i> biomass in open pond systems only allows limited control of essential process parameters, such as light color, salinity control, or mixotrophic growth, due to the high risk of contaminations. Closed photobioreactors offer a highly controllable system to optimize all process parameters affecting <i>Spirulina</i> biomass production (quantity) and biomass composition (quality). However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of light color, salinity effects, and mixotrophic growth modes of <i>Spirulina</i> biomass production has not been performed yet. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to develop statistical models, and define optimal mixotrophic process conditions yielding maximum quantitative biomass productivity and high-quality biomass composition related to cellular protein and phycocyanin content. The individual and interaction effects of 0, 5, 15, and 30 g/L of sodium chloride (S), and 0, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 g/L of glucose (G) in three costume-made LED panels (L) where the dominant color was white (W), red (R), and yellow (Y) were investigated in a full factorial design. <i>Spirulina</i> was cultivated in 200 mL cell culture flasks in different treatments, and data were collected at the end of the log growth phase. The lack-of-fit test showed that the cubic model was the most suitable to predict the biomass concentration and protein content, and the two-factor interaction (2FI) was preferred to predict the cellular phycocyanin content (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The reduced models were produced by excluding insignificant terms (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The experimental validation of the RSM optimization showed that the highest biomass concentration (1.09, 1.08, and 0.85 g/L), with improved phycocyanin content of 82.27, 59.47, 107 mg/g, and protein content of 46.18, 39.76, 53.16%, was obtained under the process parameter configuration WL4.28S2.5G, RL10.63S1.33G, and YL1.00S0.88G, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/3/371<i>Spirulina</i>mixotrophicsalinitylight colorglucoseLED |
| spellingShingle | Ahmad Nosratimovafagh Abolghasem Esmaeili Fereidouni Felix Krujatz Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Life <i>Spirulina</i> mixotrophic salinity light color glucose LED |
| title | Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_full | Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_fullStr | Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_short | Modeling and Optimizing the Effect of Light Color, Sodium Chloride and Glucose Concentration on Biomass Production and the Quality of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_sort | modeling and optimizing the effect of light color sodium chloride and glucose concentration on biomass production and the quality of i arthrospira platensis i using response surface methodology rsm |
| topic | <i>Spirulina</i> mixotrophic salinity light color glucose LED |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/3/371 |
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