Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems
The usefulness of anti-inflammatory drugs as an adjunct therapy to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients is intensely discussed. Willow bark (<i>Salix</i> cortex) has been used for centuries to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. Its main active ingredient, salicin, is metabolized in...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/13/6766 |
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| author | Nguyen Phan Khoi Le Corinna Herz João Victor Dutra Gomes Nadja Förster Kyriaki Antoniadou Verena Karolin Mittermeier-Kleßinger Inga Mewis Corinna Dawid Christian Ulrichs Evelyn Lamy |
| author_facet | Nguyen Phan Khoi Le Corinna Herz João Victor Dutra Gomes Nadja Förster Kyriaki Antoniadou Verena Karolin Mittermeier-Kleßinger Inga Mewis Corinna Dawid Christian Ulrichs Evelyn Lamy |
| author_sort | Nguyen Phan Khoi Le |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The usefulness of anti-inflammatory drugs as an adjunct therapy to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients is intensely discussed. Willow bark (<i>Salix</i> cortex) has been used for centuries to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. Its main active ingredient, salicin, is metabolized in the human body into salicylic acid, the precursor of the commonly used pain drug acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Here, we report on the in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy of two methanolic <i>Salix</i> extracts, standardized to phenolic compounds, in comparison to ASA in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 peptide challenge. Using SARS-CoV-2 peptide/IL-1β- or LPS-activated human PBMCs and an inflammatory intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture, <i>Salix</i> extracts, and ASA concentration-dependently suppressed prostaglandin E2 (PGE<sub>2</sub>), a principal mediator of inflammation. The inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity, but not protein expression was observed for ASA and one <i>Salix</i> extract. In activated PBMCs, the suppression of relevant cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10) was seen for both <i>Salix</i> extracts. The anti-inflammatory capacity of <i>Salix</i> extracts was still retained after transepithelial passage and liver cell metabolism in an advanced co-culture model system consisting of intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells and differentiated hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells. Taken together, our in vitro data suggest that <i>Salix</i> extracts might present an additional anti-inflammatory treatment option in the context of SARS-CoV-2 peptides challenge; however, more confirmatory data are needed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:07:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cf9983b32b1e46efa056792bb7b1e162 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:07:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-cf9983b32b1e46efa056792bb7b1e1622023-11-22T01:26:43ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-06-012213676610.3390/ijms22136766Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro SystemsNguyen Phan Khoi Le0Corinna Herz1João Victor Dutra Gomes2Nadja Förster3Kyriaki Antoniadou4Verena Karolin Mittermeier-Kleßinger5Inga Mewis6Corinna Dawid7Christian Ulrichs8Evelyn Lamy9Molecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyMolecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyMolecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyDivision Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFood Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, GermanyFood Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, GermanyDivision Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFood Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, GermanyDivision Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, GermanyMolecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyThe usefulness of anti-inflammatory drugs as an adjunct therapy to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients is intensely discussed. Willow bark (<i>Salix</i> cortex) has been used for centuries to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. Its main active ingredient, salicin, is metabolized in the human body into salicylic acid, the precursor of the commonly used pain drug acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Here, we report on the in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy of two methanolic <i>Salix</i> extracts, standardized to phenolic compounds, in comparison to ASA in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 peptide challenge. Using SARS-CoV-2 peptide/IL-1β- or LPS-activated human PBMCs and an inflammatory intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture, <i>Salix</i> extracts, and ASA concentration-dependently suppressed prostaglandin E2 (PGE<sub>2</sub>), a principal mediator of inflammation. The inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity, but not protein expression was observed for ASA and one <i>Salix</i> extract. In activated PBMCs, the suppression of relevant cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10) was seen for both <i>Salix</i> extracts. The anti-inflammatory capacity of <i>Salix</i> extracts was still retained after transepithelial passage and liver cell metabolism in an advanced co-culture model system consisting of intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells and differentiated hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells. Taken together, our in vitro data suggest that <i>Salix</i> extracts might present an additional anti-inflammatory treatment option in the context of SARS-CoV-2 peptides challenge; however, more confirmatory data are needed.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/13/6766<i>Salix</i> specieswillow barkacetylsalicylic acid (ASA)SARS-CoV-2 peptidesin vitroanti-inflammatory effects |
| spellingShingle | Nguyen Phan Khoi Le Corinna Herz João Victor Dutra Gomes Nadja Förster Kyriaki Antoniadou Verena Karolin Mittermeier-Kleßinger Inga Mewis Corinna Dawid Christian Ulrichs Evelyn Lamy Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Salix</i> species willow bark acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) SARS-CoV-2 peptides in vitro anti-inflammatory effects |
| title | Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems |
| title_full | Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems |
| title_short | Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effects of <em>Salix</em> Cortex Extracts and Acetylsalicylic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Peptide and LPS-Activated Human In Vitro Systems |
| title_sort | comparative anti inflammatory effects of em salix em cortex extracts and acetylsalicylic acid in sars cov 2 peptide and lps activated human in vitro systems |
| topic | <i>Salix</i> species willow bark acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) SARS-CoV-2 peptides in vitro anti-inflammatory effects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/13/6766 |
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