The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
ObjectiveTo clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking.MethodsWe included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Litera...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1023756/full |
| _version_ | 1797953977542770688 |
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| author | Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Ying-hua Li Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Li Li Xue-qiong Nie Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Daniella Ladmore Francesca Pesola Kian Fan Chung Zheng-ming Chen Peter Hajek Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang |
| author_facet | Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Ying-hua Li Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Li Li Xue-qiong Nie Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Daniella Ladmore Francesca Pesola Kian Fan Chung Zheng-ming Chen Peter Hajek Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang |
| author_sort | Zi-yang Cui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectiveTo clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking.MethodsWe included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) conducted in 2018–2019. Among 87,028 participants, there were 22,115 ever-smokers aged 20–69 years who provided information on their smoking history and their experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between withdrawal symptoms and other variables.ResultsAmong ever-smokers, there were 19,643 (88.8%) current smokers and 2,472 (11.2%) ex-smokers. Among current smokers, 61.3% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past. Overall, 61.1% of current smokers reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms: 69.9% of those who tried to quit smoking in the past and 47.5% of those who did not. A lower proportion of ex-smokers experienced withdrawal symptoms (46.3%) and the difference remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.62–1.93, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms in both current smokers and ex-smokers were craving, restlessness and anxiety. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, those who experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to quit smoking (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.86–2.27) were less likely to successfully quit.ConclusionsThe clinical picture of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is the same in current smokers and in ex-smokers, but ex-smokers are less likely to have experienced it. The experience of discomfort when unable to smoke is common and seems likely to be a major factor contributing to maintaining smoking behavior not just among individuals seeking help with quitting smoking, but among smokers generally. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:11:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cfb383e4304d474797efccd2339fb4aa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:11:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-cfb383e4304d474797efccd2339fb4aa2023-01-13T05:46:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402023-01-011310.3389/fpsyt.2022.10237561023756The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19Zi-yang Cui0Zi-yang Cui1Zi-yang Cui2Zi-yang Cui3Zi-yang Cui4Zi-yang Cui5Ying-hua Li6Zhao Liu7Zhao Liu8Zhao Liu9Zhao Liu10Zhao Liu11Li Li12Xue-qiong Nie13Xin-mei Zhou14Xin-mei Zhou15Xin-mei Zhou16Xin-mei Zhou17Xin-mei Zhou18An-qi Cheng19An-qi Cheng20An-qi Cheng21An-qi Cheng22An-qi Cheng23Jin-xuan Li24Jin-xuan Li25Jin-xuan Li26Jin-xuan Li27Jin-xuan Li28Jin-xuan Li29Rui Qin30Rui Qin31Rui Qin32Rui Qin33Rui Qin34Rui Qin35Xiao-wen Wei36Xiao-wen Wei37Xiao-wen Wei38Xiao-wen Wei39Xiao-wen Wei40Xiao-wen Wei41Liang Zhao42Liang Zhao43Liang Zhao44Liang Zhao45Liang Zhao46Daniella Ladmore47Francesca Pesola48Kian Fan Chung49Zheng-ming Chen50Peter Hajek51Dan Xiao52Dan Xiao53Dan Xiao54Dan Xiao55Dan Xiao56Dan Xiao57Chen Wang58Chen Wang59Chen Wang60Chen Wang61Chen Wang62Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaGraduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, ChinaChina Health Education Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaChina Health Education Center, Beijing, ChinaChina Health Education Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaChina-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaGraduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaChina-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United KingdomWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom0National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom1Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United KingdomDepartment of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, ChinaGraduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, ChinaWHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China2Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaObjectiveTo clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking.MethodsWe included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) conducted in 2018–2019. Among 87,028 participants, there were 22,115 ever-smokers aged 20–69 years who provided information on their smoking history and their experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between withdrawal symptoms and other variables.ResultsAmong ever-smokers, there were 19,643 (88.8%) current smokers and 2,472 (11.2%) ex-smokers. Among current smokers, 61.3% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past. Overall, 61.1% of current smokers reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms: 69.9% of those who tried to quit smoking in the past and 47.5% of those who did not. A lower proportion of ex-smokers experienced withdrawal symptoms (46.3%) and the difference remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.62–1.93, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms in both current smokers and ex-smokers were craving, restlessness and anxiety. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, those who experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to quit smoking (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.86–2.27) were less likely to successfully quit.ConclusionsThe clinical picture of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is the same in current smokers and in ex-smokers, but ex-smokers are less likely to have experienced it. The experience of discomfort when unable to smoke is common and seems likely to be a major factor contributing to maintaining smoking behavior not just among individuals seeking help with quitting smoking, but among smokers generally.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1023756/fulltobacco withdrawal symptomsmokingsmokerrisk factorsChina Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) |
| spellingShingle | Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Zi-yang Cui Ying-hua Li Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Zhao Liu Li Li Xue-qiong Nie Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou Xin-mei Zhou An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng An-qi Cheng Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Jin-xuan Li Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Rui Qin Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Xiao-wen Wei Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Liang Zhao Daniella Ladmore Francesca Pesola Kian Fan Chung Zheng-ming Chen Peter Hajek Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Dan Xiao Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang Chen Wang The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 Frontiers in Psychiatry tobacco withdrawal symptom smoking smoker risk factors China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) |
| title | The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 |
| title_full | The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 |
| title_fullStr | The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 |
| title_short | The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 |
| title_sort | experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex smokers in the general population findings from nationwide china health literacy survey during 2018 19 |
| topic | tobacco withdrawal symptom smoking smoker risk factors China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1023756/full |
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