Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars
In this study, we performed a homogeneous analysis of the planets around FGK dwarf stars observed by the Kepler and K2 missions, providing spectroscopic parameters for 310 K2 targets —including 239 Scaling K2 hosts—observed with Keck/HIRES. For orbital periods less than 40 days, we found that the di...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd24c |
| _version_ | 1797683963686289408 |
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| author | Jon K. Zink Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman Jessie L. Christiansen Erik A. Petigura Kiersten M. Boley Sakhee Bhure Malena Rice Samuel W. Yee Howard Isaacson Rachel B. Fernandes Andrew W. Howard Sarah Blunt Jack Lubin Ashley Chontos Daria Pidhorodetska Mason G. MacDougall |
| author_facet | Jon K. Zink Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman Jessie L. Christiansen Erik A. Petigura Kiersten M. Boley Sakhee Bhure Malena Rice Samuel W. Yee Howard Isaacson Rachel B. Fernandes Andrew W. Howard Sarah Blunt Jack Lubin Ashley Chontos Daria Pidhorodetska Mason G. MacDougall |
| author_sort | Jon K. Zink |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we performed a homogeneous analysis of the planets around FGK dwarf stars observed by the Kepler and K2 missions, providing spectroscopic parameters for 310 K2 targets —including 239 Scaling K2 hosts—observed with Keck/HIRES. For orbital periods less than 40 days, we found that the distribution of planets as a function of orbital period, stellar effective temperature, and metallicity was consistent between K2 and Kepler, reflecting consistent planet formation efficiency across numerous ∼1 kpc sight-lines in the local Milky Way. Additionally, we detected a 3× excess of sub-Saturns relative to warm Jupiters beyond 10 days, suggesting a closer association between sub-Saturn and sub-Neptune formation than between sub-Saturn and Jovian formation. Performing a joint analysis of Kepler and K2 demographics, we observed diminishing super-Earth, sub-Neptune, and sub-Saturn populations at higher stellar effective temperatures, implying an inverse relationship between formation and disk mass. In contrast, no apparent host-star spectral-type dependence was identified for our population of Jupiters, which indicates gas-giant formation saturates within the FGK mass regimes. We present support for stellar metallicity trends reported by previous Kepler analyses. Using Gaia DR3 proper motion and radial velocity measurements, we discovered a galactic location trend; stars that make large vertical excursions from the plane of the Milky Way host fewer super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. While oscillation amplitude is associated with metallicity, metallicity alone cannot explain the observed trend, demonstrating that galactic influences are imprinted on the planet population. Overall, our results provide new insights into the distribution of planets around FGK dwarf stars and the factors that influence their formation and evolution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:23:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cfba459ac59f4ecd82791cd2ab56eb03 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T00:23:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-cfba459ac59f4ecd82791cd2ab56eb032023-09-15T12:05:28ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812023-01-01165626210.3847/1538-3881/acd24cScaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude StarsJon K. Zink0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1848-2063Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-0382Jessie L. Christiansen2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-4778Erik A. Petigura3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-2893Kiersten M. Boley4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8153-639XSakhee Bhure5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6673-8206Malena Rice6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7670-670XSamuel W. Yee7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-3907Howard Isaacson8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0531-1073Rachel B. Fernandes9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-7327Andrew W. Howard10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-0320Sarah Blunt11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-2888Jack Lubin12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-7736Ashley Chontos13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-2564Daria Pidhorodetska14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9771-7953Mason G. MacDougall15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-9043Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA ; jzink@astro.caltech.eduSteward Observatory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USACaltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADepartment of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USACaltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Astronomy, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511, USADepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , Toowoomba, QLD, AustraliaLunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Alien Earths Team, NASA Nexus for Exoplanet System Science , USADepartment of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697, USADepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USADepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAIn this study, we performed a homogeneous analysis of the planets around FGK dwarf stars observed by the Kepler and K2 missions, providing spectroscopic parameters for 310 K2 targets —including 239 Scaling K2 hosts—observed with Keck/HIRES. For orbital periods less than 40 days, we found that the distribution of planets as a function of orbital period, stellar effective temperature, and metallicity was consistent between K2 and Kepler, reflecting consistent planet formation efficiency across numerous ∼1 kpc sight-lines in the local Milky Way. Additionally, we detected a 3× excess of sub-Saturns relative to warm Jupiters beyond 10 days, suggesting a closer association between sub-Saturn and sub-Neptune formation than between sub-Saturn and Jovian formation. Performing a joint analysis of Kepler and K2 demographics, we observed diminishing super-Earth, sub-Neptune, and sub-Saturn populations at higher stellar effective temperatures, implying an inverse relationship between formation and disk mass. In contrast, no apparent host-star spectral-type dependence was identified for our population of Jupiters, which indicates gas-giant formation saturates within the FGK mass regimes. We present support for stellar metallicity trends reported by previous Kepler analyses. Using Gaia DR3 proper motion and radial velocity measurements, we discovered a galactic location trend; stars that make large vertical excursions from the plane of the Milky Way host fewer super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. While oscillation amplitude is associated with metallicity, metallicity alone cannot explain the observed trend, demonstrating that galactic influences are imprinted on the planet population. Overall, our results provide new insights into the distribution of planets around FGK dwarf stars and the factors that influence their formation and evolution.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd24cExoplanet catalogsAstrostatisticsGalactic archaeologyExoplanet formationPlanet formation |
| spellingShingle | Jon K. Zink Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman Jessie L. Christiansen Erik A. Petigura Kiersten M. Boley Sakhee Bhure Malena Rice Samuel W. Yee Howard Isaacson Rachel B. Fernandes Andrew W. Howard Sarah Blunt Jack Lubin Ashley Chontos Daria Pidhorodetska Mason G. MacDougall Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars The Astronomical Journal Exoplanet catalogs Astrostatistics Galactic archaeology Exoplanet formation Planet formation |
| title | Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars |
| title_full | Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars |
| title_fullStr | Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars |
| title_short | Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars |
| title_sort | scaling k2 vi reduced small planet occurrence in high galactic amplitude stars |
| topic | Exoplanet catalogs Astrostatistics Galactic archaeology Exoplanet formation Planet formation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd24c |
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