Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review
This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and reco...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/7/1057 |
| _version_ | 1797405859802775552 |
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| author | Alekhya Peruri Alexandra Morgan Alida D’Souza Bridget Mellon Carey W. Hung Gabriella Kayal Haejung Shin Kim Nguyen Malek Zahed Mason Yount Reilly Ellis Taylor Wynne Virginia Fritz Zachary Simmons Kelly C. S. Roballo |
| author_facet | Alekhya Peruri Alexandra Morgan Alida D’Souza Bridget Mellon Carey W. Hung Gabriella Kayal Haejung Shin Kim Nguyen Malek Zahed Mason Yount Reilly Ellis Taylor Wynne Virginia Fritz Zachary Simmons Kelly C. S. Roballo |
| author_sort | Alekhya Peruri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and induction of growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Animal models have also shown correlations between pineal gland function and metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown that a functional pineal gland is essential in preventing and slowing the progression of certain diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, vertebral osteoarthritis, and neurodegenerative processes. Lastly, the array of cell culturing methods and animal models that can be used to further develop the study of pineal gland function and nervous system injury were reviewed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:16:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d00df928687f4783b243fdb495ea4ed1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:16:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-d00df928687f4783b243fdb495ea4ed12023-12-03T15:18:54ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-07-01127105710.3390/life12071057Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A ReviewAlekhya Peruri0Alexandra Morgan1Alida D’Souza2Bridget Mellon3Carey W. Hung4Gabriella Kayal5Haejung Shin6Kim Nguyen7Malek Zahed8Mason Yount9Reilly Ellis10Taylor Wynne11Virginia Fritz12Zachary Simmons13Kelly C. S. Roballo14Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USABiomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USAThis review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and induction of growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Animal models have also shown correlations between pineal gland function and metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown that a functional pineal gland is essential in preventing and slowing the progression of certain diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, vertebral osteoarthritis, and neurodegenerative processes. Lastly, the array of cell culturing methods and animal models that can be used to further develop the study of pineal gland function and nervous system injury were reviewed.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/7/1057melatoninregenerationneurodegenerative processcell cultureanimal models |
| spellingShingle | Alekhya Peruri Alexandra Morgan Alida D’Souza Bridget Mellon Carey W. Hung Gabriella Kayal Haejung Shin Kim Nguyen Malek Zahed Mason Yount Reilly Ellis Taylor Wynne Virginia Fritz Zachary Simmons Kelly C. S. Roballo Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review Life melatonin regeneration neurodegenerative process cell culture animal models |
| title | Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review |
| title_full | Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review |
| title_short | Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review |
| title_sort | pineal gland from the cell culture to animal models a review |
| topic | melatonin regeneration neurodegenerative process cell culture animal models |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/7/1057 |
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